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| the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty hailing from Mecca. |
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| third Islamic caliphate centered on Baghdad |
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| a senior companion (Sahabi) and the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632–634 CE when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death.[1] |
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| one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs (rulers) in history.[3] He was a sahābi (companion) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He succeeded Caliph Abu Bakr (632–634) as the second Caliph of Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634. |
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| He played a major role in early Islamic history as the third of the Sunni Rashidun or Rightly Guided Caliphs. |
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| also known as the Wars of Apostasy, were a series of military campaigns launched by the Caliph Abu Bakr against rebel Arabian tribes during 632 and 633 AD, just after Muhammad died. |
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| Ali is regarded as the first Imam and is considered, along with his descendants, to be one of the divinely appointed successors of Muhammad who are the only legitimate religious and political leaders of the Muslim community. |
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| the cousin and son-in-law of Islamic prophet Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661.[7] A son of Abu Talib,[7] Ali was also the first male convert to Islam.[8][9] Sunnis consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun (rightly guided Caliphs), while Shias regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors to Muhammad, all of which are members of the Ahl al-Bayt, the household of Muhammad. |
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| took place on Muharram 10, in the year 61 AH of the Islamic calendar[2] (October 10, 680)[8][9] in Karbala, in present day Iraq. The battle was between a small group of supporters and relatives of Muhammad's grandson Hussein ibn Ali, and a much larger military detachment from the forces of Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph, whom Hussein had refused to recognise. Hussein and all his supporters were killed, including Hussein's six-month-old infant son, Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn, and the women and children taken as prisoners. |
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| was the son of Ali ibn Abi Ṭalib (final Rashidun Caliph and first Shia Imam) and Fatimah Zahra (daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) and the younger brother of Hasan ibn Ali. Hussein is an important figure in Islam as he is a member of the Ahl al-Bayt (the household of Muhammad) and Ahl al-Kisa, as well as being an Imam. |
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| important figure in Islam. He is the son of Ali and his wife Fatimah. The latter is the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. After his father's death, he briefly succeeded him as the righteous Caliph (head of state), before retiring to Madinah and entering into an agreement with the first Umayyad ruler |
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| established the Umayyad Dynasty of the caliphate,[3][4] and was the second caliph from the Umayyad clan.[5] After the conquest of Mecca by the Muslims, Muawiyah's family converted to Islam. |
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| It is commemorated by Shi'a Muslims as a day of mourning for the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad at the Battle of Karbala |
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| Sufis believe they are practicing ihsan (perfection of worship) as revealed by Gabriel to Muhammad. Classical Sufi scholars have defined Sufism as "a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God". |
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| A Medieval Muslim state in what is now Spain. At one point it stretched all the way north into France. |
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| Leader of the Islamic state of the Medieval period. Refers to a "successor" or "representative" of Muhammad |
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| the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of Muhammad and interpretations of the Quran. |
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| an act or tacit approval or disapproval ascribed either validly or invalidly to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. |
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| An expert of Islamic jurisprudence |
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| chain of transmission accompanying each hadith. |
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| the actual wording of the hadith by which its meaning is established |
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| Hadith collectors; traditionists |
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| Hadith that are traced back not to Muhammad, but to God |
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| Moral code of Islamic law |
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| The way in which Islamic law is made |
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| literally means "to follow (someone)", "to imitate" |
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| a term designating any object or an action which is permissible to use or engage in, according to Islamic law. The term is used to designate food seen as permissible according to Islamic law. |
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| "sanctuary" or "holy site" in Islam. |
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| a Muslim school of law or fiqh |
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| Rabi‘a al-‘Adawiyya of Basra |
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| a female Muslim saint and Sufi mystic. |
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| was a well-known Sunni Muslim preacher, theologian, and scholar of Islam who was born in 642 from Persian[1][2] parents. Brought up in the house of Umm Salama, Hasan met many companions of Muhammad (S.A.WS.) including, it is said, seventy of the warriors who fought in the Battle of Badr. Hasan grew up to become one of the most prominent figures of his generation, being famous for his piety and condemnation of worldliness. |
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| "to pass away" to "cease to exist" |
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| the term for a school or order of Sufism, or especially for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking ḥaqīqah "ultimate truth". |
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| is a title for a Sufi master equally used in the nath tradition. |
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| form of Sufi devotional music popular in South Asia |
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| Adherents of Twelver Shī'ism are commonly referred to as Twelvers, which is derived from their belief in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as the Twelve Imāms, and their belief that the Mahdi will be none other than the returned Twelfth Imam who disappeared and is believed by Twelvers to be in occultation. |
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| is the second largest branch of Shia Islam after the Twelvers (Ithnāʿashariyya). They are of the Muslim faith. The Ismāʿīlī get their name from their acceptance of Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar. The term in today's vernacular generally refers to the Nizari path, which recognizes the Aga Khan IV as the 49th hereditary Imam |
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| Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab |
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| an Arabian Islamic Salafi theologian and the founder of the Wahhabi movement. His pact with Muhammad bin Saud helped to establish the first Saudi state and began a dynastic alliance and power-sharing arrangement between their families which continues to the present day. |
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| Shi'a Sunni Breakdown of Iran |
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| Shi'a Sunni Breakdown of Iraq |
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| Shi'a Sunni Breakdown of Egypt |
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| 95% Sunni; less than 5% Shi'a |
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| Shi'a Sunni Breakdown of Bahrain |
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