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| Using inadequate sample size to draw a conclusion about a target group |
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| Performing one action leads to ___ action so dont perform action |
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| Argues in a circle when conclusion is used as one of its premises |
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| Supposing two events are connected when not |
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| when an argument presumes that only two alternatives exist when there are more |
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| things that resemble one another in some aspects do so in all aspects |
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| when a word is used in two different ways in an argument |
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| Misinterpreting a claim to make it easier to dismiss |
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| When argument claims what is true of parts is true of whole |
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| when argument claims what is true of whole is true of parts |
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| using opponents inability to prove true/false |
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| Ad Hominem; when someone rebuts an argument by criticizing its presenter |
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| must be true because everyone believes it |
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| To argue a claims true/false on basis of origin |
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| supporting views on expert of different subject |
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| tendency to see things as being constant even when they arn't |
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| we perceive familiar objects to be constant size |
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| familiar objects are viewed as shapes due to our understanding of the use of shape |
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| Stationary objects appear to move because of smaller movements of the eye |
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| we perceive what we expect to perceive |
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| the way a question is worded can lead you to a certain answer |
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| basing decision on something that vivid or memorable |
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| Collective Dilusions and mass hysterias |
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| Rapid spread of plausible but false evidence due to media, social expectations, group comformity |
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| Collective Wish Fullfillment |
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| The object of interest is blown up and satisfies psychological need (alcohol is social) |
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| Seeing a casual correlation between things when non exists (superstitions) |
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| witches cause miscarriages |
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to be proven false, it must be possible to conceive a test to disprove it
-Undeclared claim: claims too vague that it lacks meaning
-multiple outs/ dissonance reduction |
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If argument is presented in support of a claim, it must be valid and sound
-Valid: conclusion stems from premises correctly (only conclusion
-Sound: Premises are true |
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consider all relevant evidence and alternate explanations
-"spin more than one hypothesis" |
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| evidence must be evaluated impartially and unbiased |
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| Results must be able to be replicated |
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evidence must be sufficient to establish truth
-Burden of proof: claimant must prove rightness
-Must have extraordinary evidence for extraordinary claims
-Anecdotal evidence is never enough to establish truth |
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| Ability to be tested, no supernatural explanations |
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| Critical thinking using reason and evidence |
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| Progress through elimination of wrong ideas |
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| Evaluating validity of claims on basis of well supported evidence (using filchers) |
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| Multiple Working Hypothesis |
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| Spin more than one hypothesis therefore resulting in better chance of being right |
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| claim with the least assumptions is typically correct |
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| Nothing can have both a property and lack it at the same time |
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| Everything is identical to itself |
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| for any particular property, everything either has it or lacks it |
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| Theory that leads to new predictions is most desired |
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| When We know final, it helps us to find how it happened |
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