The Celtic "3 F" 

- Feasting, fighting, and fornicating

- Gives us a broad look into the lifestyle of

the Celts as opposed to their later descendents 

Gael 

- Speaker of a Goidelic language

- Originally in Ireland, they spread to

Scotland; the cultural-linguistic group of the

early Irish 

Tuath

The clan, nation, or people

The greater social group/structure of the Irish;

its organization is outlined in Brehon Law 

Brehon Law 

Early Irish law, it was largely eclipsed/prohibited

under Norman rule.

Allowed women greater freedom/rights, protected against rape, killing. Outlined strict social hierarchy that determined one's place and set forth the structure of the tuath. 

Druid 

A pre-Christian Celtic member of the priestly/learned class.

Polytheistic, they were the most important and influential members of Celtic society.

During Christian transition, bishops had to demonstrate power/ability equal to a druid 

Bard 

A caste of poets; during Christian times they were distinguished from fili, who were more closely related to the Church

The High King of Ireland --- crowned on the Hill of Tara, they ruled over Pagan Ireland and later Christian Ireland. They united the island, but the position was often highly contested. 

 Fionn mac Cumhaill

Mythical warrior-hero of Irish mythology;

 Established Fenian virtues

Fenian virtues 

1. Don't choose a wife for money

2. No violence toward women

3. Respond to calls for help

4. Accept a challenge from <10 men 

Hibernia 

The Latin term for Ireland, meaning "cold"; it was the Roman term for the island, which they never conquered fully. 

Scot

An educated Irishman; the term spread

to mean "someone from Scotland"

Maewyn Succat

The birth name of St. Patrick

- Born in England 390 AD

- Taken as a slave to IRE

- Returned later to spread Christianity

- Re-lit fires on the eve of Beltaine

- He may be a composite character

Armagh

A city in Ulster (Northern Ireland) that was the ancient seat of the Christian church in Ireland. Today it is the seat of the Church of Ireland (Protestant)

King Oengus

King of Munster, baptized and

coronated by St. Patrick

 He was the first Christian king of Ireland

He warned St. Patrick about Beltaine to save his life

St. Columba

6th century Irish saint from Donegal

 Uí Néill

Leading figure in monastic movement in IRE

St. Brigid

5th-6th century saint from Kildare

Very powerful abbess who wanted to become a nun

from a very young age

Had a bishop as an assistant

St. Brendan

5th-6th century Irish saint

In legend, he went on a quest to find the Isle of the Blessed

Book of Kells

9th century manuscript of the Gospels

Earliest illuminated manuscript

Completed by Irish monks

Viking tower

Stone tower, 150 feet high

People climbed ladder with livestock

 Pulled up ladder

Vikings couldn't get in

Longphort

Viking settlements in Ireland

Some, like Dublin, turned into cities

Brian Boru

10th-11th century Irish king (high king)

Overthrew the Ui Neill clan

Killed at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014

Gormlaith

Scheming mother of Sygtrygg, the Viking leader of Dublin.

She was the 3rd wife of Brian Boru, and organized the Battle of Clontarf on Good Friday in 1014 to bring him down.

Stone of Fal

 Lia Fáil

The coronation stone on the Hill of Tara at which all Irish High Kings were coronated.

It was said to "roar in joy" when the true king was crowned

Battle of Clontarf

April 23rd, 1014

Fought between the forces of Brian Boru and the forces of Leinster under the Viking Sygtrygg and his mother Gormlaith. Brian's son and Brian himself were killed in the battle, and the unity of Ireland was destroyed.

Pope Adrian IV

The only Englishman to be Pope. He issued a Papal Bull making Henry II the "Lord of Ireland"

His papal bull is generally considered to be the start of English/Norman occupation of Ireland.

King Henry II of England

Utilized the Papal Bull in 1170

Dermot MacMurrough asked him to help him regain Leinster

Henry II did not want Ireland to become another Norman stronghold

His invasion of England and use of the Bull are considered the start of English occupation

Richard de Clare

"Strongbow" -- the Anglo-Norman who helped Henry II invade Ireland.

Claimed kingship of Leinster because he was married to Dermon MacMurrough's daughter Aoife

He spent the rest of his life trying to conquer all of Ireland

Died of a foot infection

Prince John

Given Ireland by his brother Richard the Lionhearted

He was excommunicated and lost the royal jewels

He was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215

Died of Dysentery

He left Ireland in 1199; he was disliked there

He left Ireland with "pockets" of English culture

Scottish Interlude

The Irish asked Robert the Bruce and his brother Edward to help them defeat the English

R the B had won at Bannockburn

Rather than seeing an opportunity for a united Gaelic front against England, the Scottish invaded during a time of famine

In 1318, Edward the Bruce was killed

Statute of Kilkenny

1366

- No formal contact

- No intermarriage, adoption, or fosterage

- No inter-trade

- Only English names

- Must ride with saddles

- Archery, no hurling

- No hiring of Irish poets, musicians, or singers

- Brehon Law was banned

Viking Legacy in Ireland

- Dublin, Wexford, Waterford, Cork, Limerick (cities)

- Coinage

- Improved fishing and made it a commercial endeavor

- Glassmaking industries

- Shift from Armagh as center of Church to Canterbury

- 1154... Pope declares king of England Lord of Ireland

Impact of Henry II and John

KHII --- Established English rule in Ireland using the Papal Bull

John --- Dublin Castle, English legal system (trial by jury and traveling judges), coins with harps, drew county lines, build up commercial sea-trading