Water has a density of 1 g/ml

Anything with a density less than 1 g/ml will float on water

Sublimation is when a solid goes directly to a gas

melting is when a solid changes to a liquid

Evaporation is when a liquid changes to a gas

Freezing is when a liquid changes into a solid

Deposition is when a gas turns directly into a solid

The properties of matter are color, composition, shape, size, elasticity, density, volume, taste, odor, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, hardness, boiling point, melting point, luster, ductility, malleability, viscosity, and tensile strength.

Chemical properties are reactivity and flammability.

10 + 10 LAB

We added 10ml of water to 10ml of alcohol, and a physical change took place, as it was just a mixture of alcohol and water and no new substance was created.

Evaporation Lab

To test if 25ml of alcohol evaporates faster than 25 ml of water.

The alcohol evaporated much faster than the water due to the fact that alcohol is less dense than water, so its molecules are not as tightly packed and they are larger, so when it evaporates it takes more volume into gas form.

Mystery Lab

put 5ml of white powder in a test tube and heat until a color change takes place.

It took 7 seconds for a color change to take place, and at 20 seconds the new color was golden brown. The newest chemical was very viscous and it stretched into a string.

When the sugar was heated the chemical bonds in the sugar broke splitting it into CO2 and H2O and the leftover solid was carbon.

C6H12O6->CO2+H2O+C+So2

Napalm Lab

mix methanol and culcium acotate together and ignite.

At first the flame was nearly invisible, but blue, indicating it was very hot. The fire then turned orange and remained orange until going out.

CaCh3(O2)2+CH3OH->Co2+H2O

Physical and chemical changes

a chemical change is when one form of matter is converted to another.

A physical change, changes the size or shape of matter.

MYSTERY DEMO

powder x was mixed with liquid y, creating a yellowish substance. Soon the yellowish substance turned brown. The brown substance then turned black and expanded, releasing the smell of raisins.

HINDENBURG DEMO

Drain-o is a very powerful base. The drain-o released gas into the balloon filling it up.

After sitting in its own gas for 90 minutes, the drain-o turns grey and bubbly.

DEMOCRITUS

discovered "atomos"

Atomos is the smallest form of anything and everything is made up of atomos.

400 b.c.

THE FOUR ELEMENTS

The theory where everything is made up of earth, fire, air, and water

Robert Boyle 1691

first person to question the the classical model of the atom. He denies the 4 elements.

John Dalton: Dalton's Laws

1. Matter is made up of atoms that are invisible and indestructable.

2. Atoms of the same element are indenticle.

3. Atoms of different elements are different.

4. Atoms only combine in small, whole number episodes

5. Atoms can neither be created, nor destroyed

J.J. Thompson 1904

Thought atoms were made of electrons that were negatively charged. Plum pudding model.

Ernest Rutherford 1911

Discovered atoms are not solid, mostly empty space, but has 1 hard part: the nucleus.

Atom gun thingy.

James Chadwick 1932

discovered the neutron.

Niels Bohr 1913

Says electrons travel in orbits.

Modern Wave Theory

Electrons exist in energy levels.

COPPER SULFATE LAB

We added 2g of zinc and 5ml of CuSO4 together in a single test tube. After a few minutes the head of the zinc was turning red because the copper was removed from the sulfur in oxygen. This caused a chemical reaction that made the zinc turn red. After a few more minutes, we were told to shake the solution. The entire solution turned black, then the most dense substance, zinc, sank to the bottom again as a suspension.

5 types of Rx

Synthesis: H2 + O2 -> H2O

Decomposition: H2O -> H2 + O2

Single replacement: AlNo3 + Cu -> Cu (NO3)2 + Al

Double replacement: MgSO4 + ZnCl2 -> ZnSO4 + MgCl2

Combustion: C2 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O

ROUNDING MOLECULAR MASS

Round 0.3 or lower down

Round 0.8 or higher up

Don't Round 0.31-0.79

Boiling points

100 degrees Celcius

212 degrees farenheit

Freezing points

0 degrees celcius

32 degrees farenheit

Absolute Zero

0 degrees kelvin

-273 degrees celcius

-459 degrees farenheit

Rates of reaction

How to increase rates of reaction:

Add a catalyst

Increase the tempurature

Increase the concentration

decrease surface area

IODINE DEMO

iodine is a gas at room tempurature, but when submerged in ice water, it went through deposition and froze into iodine crystals.

Writing chemical formulas

NH  Ammonium

No  Nitrate

OH Hydroxide

ClO Chlorate

So  Sulfate

O  Oxide

PO  Phosphate

CO Carbonate

Acids and Bases

Acids release lots pf H+1

Bases release lots of OH-1

Organic Chemistry prefixes

1. Meth

2.Eth

3.Pop

4.but

5.pent

6.hex

7.hept

8.oct

9.non

10.dec

Organic chemistry suffixes

-ane: Single bond

-ene: Double bond

-yne: triple bond

Substituting hydrocarbons

Add OH-1= Alcohol (change "e" ending to "ol" ending)

Add COOH-1= organic acid (ethanol to ethanic acid)

Add both= Ester (auromatic hydrocarbon

Add Halogen= Halogen derivative

FAMILY IIA

family IIA elements are known as the alkaline earth metals, they are soft, silvery white, and the third most reactive family. They react with acids bases and water and they form +2 ions.

Familt IA

Known as the alkaline metals, they are soft, silvery white metals, and the most reactive family.

They react with acids, bases, and water and they form +1 ions

Transition or heavy metals

Ductile, malleable, high melting point, good conductors.

Metalloids

Properties of both metals and non-metals

non-metals

Not ductile or malleable, bad conductors

Family VIIA

Known as the halogens, they form -1 ions, react violently, and they are the 2nd most reactive family.

Family VIIIA

known as the Noble Gasses, they are colorless, odorless, non reactive gasses. They never form compounds

Rare Earth Metals

Heavy, most reactive metals, many man made

Bug people

#of fingers=atomic #

Body size= atomic mass

Body Pattern=family properties

# of hairs=# of valence electrons

# of arms= electron energy levels

# of fingers per arm= # of electrons per energy level