Term
| Name and define the types of signaling |
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Definition
Autocrine: When cell secretes a signal and it works on the same cell.
Paracrine: Cells secretes a signal and it works on the neighboring cell
Endocrine: Cells release signals in the blood stream and a distant cell responds to it. |
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Term
| What does EGF means and what is the significance of this? |
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Definition
| EGF mean Epidermal growth factor. First of the factors that was discovered. It is most common and it determine for cells when to grow or divide. |
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Term
| What is most common mechanism in cellular signaling? |
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Definition
| Reversible protein phosphorylation. |
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Term
| Name the two signal tranduction mechanism |
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Definition
1. Cyclic Nucleotide i.e cAMP and cGMP
2. EGF receptors i.e EGF, Ras, and MAPK
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Term
| Name the three amino acids involved in protein phosphorylation? Which amino acid is related in phosphorylation of protein involved in growth factor? |
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Definition
The three amino acids are Tyrosine, Treaonin and Serince.
The phosphorylation of protein involved in growth factor most occurs at Tyrosine |
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Term
| What protein kinase results in? |
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Definition
| Kinase results in phosphorylation of the protein which activates the transcription of different genes. |
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Term
| Which receptor is involved in lung cancer? How erlotinib works in lung cancer? |
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Definition
| EGF is always on in cancer cells. Erlotinib works particularly on mutant EGF receptor in the lung cancer. |
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Term
| Name all the stress stimuli? |
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Definition
| Genetic, physical, chemical, immune, nutrition, endocrine, anoxia, and infective. |
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Term
What of the cell type the following work
1. MPTP
2. Acetaminophen
3. Paraquat |
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Definition
1. MPTP: Neuronal, used for Parkinson's
2. Acetaminophen; liver
3. Paraquat; Pulmonary |
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Term
| what is reversible injury? |
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Definition
| Reversible injury means that cells damaged by a noxious agent. The injury is short live and mild. The ATP production decreases, the Na/K ATP pump doesn't work and increases membrance permeability resulting in swelling. The ATP is generated by anerobic respiration, less ATP produces and cell metabolism decreases. After the cell injury cessation, cells returns to normal. |
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Term
| What happens when the cells swell? |
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Definition
| The epithelial cells swells, the desmosomes disrupt and loose the cells signaling. The microvilli are affected as well. |
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Term
| What is Irreversible cells injury? |
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Definition
| During irreversible cell injury is characterized by loss of cell integrity, important nuclear components and cell membrance. The production of ATP significantly decreases, due to damaged mitchondria. |
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Term
| What the calcium concentrations inside and outside of the mitochondria |
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Definition
| Inside in micromolar and outside is millimolar. |
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Term
| What is the role of calcium in cell death? |
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Definition
| The calcium from mitochondria, cytosol, and ER activates hydrolytic enzymes which degrades the macromolecules in the cell. |
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Term
| What is function of oxygen radicals in the cell? |
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Definition
| Oxygen radicals can cause cell death. They are also used in killing bacteria in inflammation. |
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Term
| What is reprofusion injury? |
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Definition
| When a clot or embolism is removed from blocked artery, the profusion of hypoxic part of artery with oxygen can result in radicals and can cause a damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| It protects the DNA from damage. It is tumor and oncogene. P53 attached to DNA, transcribes a protein which inhibits cell replication during injury or undergo apoptosis. If P53 is mutated, then the cells replicated and usually leads to cancer. The major cause of cancer is the mutation of P53 gene. |
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Term
Define
Atrophy
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Metaplasia
Dysplagia |
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Definition
Atrophy: Cell size get smaller
Hyperplasia: The cells divide in more, number changes
Hypertrophy: The cells get bigger in size
Metaplasia: Normal tissue cells are replaced by different cells.
Dystrophy: The cells have different size, number and tissue can't keep up. It is precursor place for cancer.
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Term
| what factor is responsible for regrowth of liver and where is it generated? |
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Definition
| The liver growth factor is responsible for regrowth of liver. This is made in lungs and then transferred to liver for differentiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the cyclin kinase positively regulate the protein kinase enzymes at different cell cycles. They are synthesized at different stages of cell cycle, they synthesize cyclin kinase and then they are degraded. |
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Term
| What is autophagy and heterophagy? |
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Definition
| Autophagy as cells eats itself and heterophagy is when cells eats another cell. |
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Term
| How hypertrophy works in valve disease in heart? |
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Definition
| The diameter of the cardiac muscle cells increase, and in case ischemia, the heart cells get bigger in size. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lungs have ciliated cells which are replaced with squamous cells. This is called squamous metaplasia. |
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Term
| What is the response of tissue to irreversible death? |
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Definition
| the cells becomes leaky, filled with water, undergoes apoptosis or necrosis. Most of the times, the cell erupts and leads to necrosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cell is going to swell with water, and portion of the cell that is swollen is called bleb. When the bleb get advanced the cell dies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell dies due to sudden injury or trauma. The cells ruptures and undergoes death. This is called cell death due to necrosis. |
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Term
| Name the four antioxidant enzymes |
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Definition
Superoxide dismutase
Catalase
Glutathione peroxidase
glutathione reductase |
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Term
| Name the four functionalities of tolerance capacity |
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Definition
intrinsic damage susceptability
damage capacity
functional autonomy
damage sequelae |
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Term
| What accumulates in heart with age |
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Definition
| partially oxidized pigment called lipofuscin. |
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