Term
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Definition
| Kingdom Animalia (All animals) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Heterotrophic, multicellular, eukaryotes
2. No Cell Walls: Collagen used as a structural protein (familky of connective tissue proteins
3. Nervous and Muscle Tissue: acetylcholine,cholinesterase nervouse system
4. Life History: sexual reproduction, diploid stage dominant
5. Life History: Similiar pattern of reproduction
6. Hox genes regulate form |
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Term
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Definition
| Zygote->embryo->head mRNA translated to protein->protein triggers others->body segments and appendages |
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Term
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Definition
| Master control genes that regulate many others, determine where body parts go |
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Term
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Definition
similar regions in homeotic genes (180 nucleotides)
suggest early origin |
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Term
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Definition
| Archea. Bacteria, Eukarya |
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Term
| Where did the inverts come from |
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Definition
| Protist ancestor of plants and animals (1.6 bya) |
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Term
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Definition
| Common animal ancestor (1 bya) |
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Term
| Major Evolutionary Innovations (MEIs) |
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Definition
1. Tissue
2.Bilateral Symmetry (cephalization)
3.Mesoderm
4. body cavity (coelom)
5. Protostome and Dueterostome development
6. Segmentation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| animals with tissue (all animals excluding sponges) |
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Term
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Definition
| animals with radial symmetry (two germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm) |
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Term
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Definition
| animals with bilateral symmetry (three germ layers, ectoderm mesoderm endoderm) |
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Term
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Definition
body covering from ectoderm
tissue filled layer from mesoderm
digestive tract from endoderm |
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Term
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Definition
Body covering from ectoderm
muscle layer from mesoderm
pseudocoleom
digestive tract from endoderm |
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Term
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Definition
body covering from ectoderm
tissue layer lining coelom and suspending internal organs from mesoderm (coelom)
digestive tract from endoderm |
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Term
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Definition
cleavage (sprial and determinate)
coelom formation: schizocoelus (solid masses of mesorderm split to form coelom)
fate of blastospore (mouth develops from blastospore) |
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Term
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Definition
cleavage (radial and indeterminate)
formation of coelom: enterocoelos (folds of archenteron form coelom)
fate of blastspore (blastospore forms anus) |
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Term
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Definition
| study of evolutionary relationships among organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| practice of naming organisms and assigning them to taxa |
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Term
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Definition
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species |
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Term
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Definition
| classififcation of organisms in light of evolutionary relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| method of classification based on evolutionary relationships (recency of common ancestor and shared derived characteristics) |
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Term
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Definition
| feature or attribute that can be used for comparison, passed own from parent to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| range of values of a specific taxonomic character |
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Term
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Definition
derived (evolved from a primitive state
autapomorphies ->within a species
synapomorphies ->two or more species(distinguish them from all other species) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| primitive state possessed by immediate ancestral taxon |
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Term
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Definition
| need to compare to sister group (most closely related taxon) |
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Term
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Definition
| all ancestors and all descendants |
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Term
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Definition
| an ancestors and not all descendants |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple ancestors and all descendants |
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Term
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Definition
| the best hypothesis with the fewest evolutionary steps (PAUP -> Phylogenetic analysis using parismony) |
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Term
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Definition
| some taxa may have the same characteristics due to convergence |
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Term
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Definition
| phylogenetic hypothesis use fossil, molecular, and morphological data for analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| a structural plan or design (genetics and evolutionary history) |
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Term
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Definition
minimum: house structures to survive and reproduce
maximum: limited by surface needed to obtain nutrients and dispose waste |
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Term
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Definition
small animals have large SA to volume ration (have enough to serve cell needs)
large animals have specialized internal structures with large SA |
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Term
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Definition
high diversity, few basic body plans (conserved body plan)
form of constraint (ontogeny leads to few disturbances) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| anterior and posterior (cross section) |
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Term
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Definition
| evolution of a specialized head with sensory and feeding equipment on anterior end |
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Term
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Definition
1. Structural Endoskeleton
2. Structural Exoskeleton
3. Hydrostatic skeleton |
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Term
| Muscles and skeleton functions |
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Definition
1. maintain body shape
2. provide support
3. attachment for muscles
4. contraction
5. relaxation for extension |
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Term
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Definition
Movement achieved through contraction and extension of connective tissues attached to cell walls (peristalsis)
Based on two themes of water
1. incompressibility
2. ability to assume any shape
2 muscle layers |
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Term
| Problems of Hydrostatic movement |
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Definition
getting a kink, sprining a leak
solutions (segementation allows for more precise movement, certain segments at a time) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Amoedboid Movement
2. Ciliary and Flagellar Movement
3. Hydrostatic propulsion
4. Locomoter limb movement |
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Term
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Definition
| pseodpodia (protozoans and internal amoeboids) |
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Term
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Definition
occurs in every animal phyla
creates propulsion or movement fluid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
plU/v
p=density of the fluid
l=size of the solid body
U=relative velocity of the fluid over the body
v=vicosity of the fluid
ratio of the initerial force to the viscous force |
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Term
| Reynolds number for small and large organisms |
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Definition
Small: fluid visocosity greater problem for small, more energy for movement, low reynolds number
large: inertia greater problem for large, greater energy for motion, high reynolds number, more energy to overcome inertia |
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Term
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Definition
1. Extracoroporeal Digestion (disgestion outside the body)
2. Extracellular digestion (digestion inside a gut chamber)
3. Intracellular digestion (digestion inside a cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| Omnivory by suspension feeding or deposit feeding |
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Term
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Definition
1. ammonia
2. uric acid
3. urea (100,000 times less toxic than ammonia, energetically expensive, rare among inverts)
- due to availability of water |
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