Phylum Porifera

(Sponges)

Structure- no symmetry, few tissues and no organs, central cavity, choanocytes move water, water leaves through osculum, skeleton made of spicules or spongin, adults are sessile

Respiration/ Circulation/ Excretion- diffusion

Feeding- filter feeding

Reproduction- sexually (hermaphroditic or gonochristic), internal fertilization, asexual: gemmules

Nervous System- none

Phylum: Porfiera

Structure: very simple sponge, basal area for attaching

Feeding: filter feedings

Excretion: diffusion

Respiration: diffusion

Circulation: diffusion

Nervous System: none

Motion: sessile

Reproduction: asexual or sexual

jellyfish, corals, anemones, hydra

Structure- Radial symmetry, multicellular, few tissues, some organelles, gastrovascular and oral cavity, cnidocytes (stinging cells on tentacles) contain nematocyst (stinging bud), 3 layers: epidermis, mesoglea, gastroderm, 2 stages: polyp and medusa

Reproduction- asexual (budding, polyp) or sexual (medusa)

Nervous System- nerve net with statocysts and ocelli (eyespots)

Feeding- paralyzes prey and pulls into mouth and into gastrovascular cavity

Excretion- nondigestable food passes back out mouth

Movement- hydrostatic skeleton, jet propulsion, somersaulting

Phylum- Cnidaria

Structure- always a polyp, 2 tissue layers- endoderm and ectodermn with mesoglea (jelly layer) in between, basal disk at bottom for attaching, tentacles at top

Feeding- capture, sting, digest, one opening

Excretion- digestive waste goes back out

Respiration- diffusion

Nervous System- nerve net

Motion- sessile

Reproduction- asexual, budding

Phylum Platyhelminthes

(flatworms)

Planaria, tapeworm, liver fluke

Structure- bilateral symmetry, 3 tissue layers (endo, meso, ecto), organs and organelles, no internal cavity, blind gut- mouth but no anus, acoelomates (no coelom)

Nervous System- 2 longitudinal nerve cords and transverse nerve fibers, ganglia, cephalization, stigma (eyespots)

Respiration, Excretion, Circulation- diffusion

Fedding- Carnivores, scavengers, digestive cavity with mouth, extend pharynx out and pump food into digestive cavity

Movement- sexually as hermaphrodites or 2 worms joing at genital pores, asexual fission

3 Classes- Cestoda- 1 host (tapeworm)

Turbellarians- free living (planaria)

Trematoda- 2 hosts (liverfluke)

Taenia Pisiformis

(tapeworm)

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Class: Cestoda

Structure: long, flat, scolex (head), segmented into proglottids

Feeding: uses scolex to attach to intenstinal wall, absorbs nutrients, no digestive track

Excretion: flame cells

Respiration, Circulation: diffusion

Nervous system: ganglia, 2 nerve cords, eye spots

Reproduction: hermaphrodite

Phylum Nematoda

(roundworms)

ascaris worms, filarial worms, hookworm, trichina worm

Structure- bilateral symmetry, thin, elongated, 3 body layers (endo, meso, ecto), pseudocoelom (partially lined)

Feeding- eat predigested food through mouth

Respiration, Circulation, Excretion- diffusion, waste through anus

Nervous System- brain ganglia, nerve cords

Reproduction- separate sexes, internal fertilization

Motion- hydrostatic skeleton

4 Classes- Ascaris Worms- contaminated food

Filarial Worms- cause elephantitis

Hook Worms- ground infection

Tricina Worms-cause trichinosis (cyst in muscle)

Phylum: Nematoda

Structure: pseudcoelum, 3 body layers, digestive tract with mouth and anus

Feeding: parasitic

Respiration, circulation, excretion: diffusion

Nervous system: simple with ganglia

Motion: burrow in foot arch- lungs- esophogus

Reproduction: sexual, internal fertilization

Phylum: Nematoda

Structure: threadlike, pseudocoelum, 3 body layers, digestive tract

Feeding: parasitic

Excretion, Respiration, Circulation: diffusion

Nervous system: simple with ganglia

Motion: live in blood and lymph vessels- cause elephantitis

Reproduction: sexual, internal fertilization

Phylum: platyhelminthes

Class: turbellaria

Structure: 3 tissue layers, acoelomates, mouth, pharynx, gastrovascular cavity

Feeding: use pharynx, eat living and dead animals

Excretion, Respiration, Circulation: diffusion, flame cells used in excretion

Nervous system: 2 longitudinal nerve fibers, transverse fibers, stigma

Motion: undulation

Reproduction: hermaphrodites, asexual

Phylum Annelida

(segmented worms)

earthworms

Structure: bilateral symmetry, segmented body separated by septa (internal walls), setae (bristles attached to each segment)

Circulation: closed circulatory system, 2 major blood vessels: dorsal and ventral

Respiration: aquatic use gills, diffuse through moist skin

Feeding: different types, pharynx- esophogus- crop- gizzard

Excretion: digestive wastes through anus, celluar waste through nephridia

Nervous system: brain, nerve cords, sensory organs

Motion: hydrostatic skeleton

Reproduction: sexually external fertilization

3 Classes: Polychaeta

Oligochaeta

Hirudinea

Phylum Arthropoda

Structure: bilateral symmetry, segmented bodies, tough exoskeleton, jointed appendages, varying mouthparts

Circulation: open circulatory system, heart pumps through arteries to tissues

Respiration: tracheal tubes extend through body, air enters and exits through spiracles, or book lungs

Feeding: herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, bloodsuckers, filter feeders, parasites

Excretion: digestive waste through anus, or use malphighian tubules for nitrgoen waste

Nervous system: brain, ventral nerve cord, ganglia, sense organs

Reproduction: internal or external fertilization

Motion: groups of muscles

3 Subphylums: Crustaceans

Chelicerates

Uniramia

Spinnerets: silk releasing organs of spider

Chelicerae: mouthparts of chelicerata

Cheliped: claw used for grasping

Cephalothorax: body region where head and thorax fuse together

Carapace: hardened protective back cover

sea urchins, sand dollars, sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea lilies, feather stars

Structure: spiny exoskeleton, endoskeleton, water vascular system (enters through madreporite- stone canal- ring canal- radial canal- ampullae- tube feet), radial symmetry

Circulation: water vascular system, tube feet

Respiration: water vascular system

Food: stomach pushed out through mouth, enzymes poured out, pulls into stomach

Excretion: digestive feces out anus, tube feet/ skins gills excrete ammonia

Nervous System: nerve ring, radial nerves, sensory cells

Reproduciton: external fertilization

Movement: tube feet

Phylum Mollusca

(soft)

Structure:4 parts- foot, mantle, shell, visceral mass

Feeding: herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders, paraisites, some have radula (teeth), sharp jaws, siphon (incurrent tube and excurrent tube)

Excretion: anus or nephridia

Respiration: gills

Circulation: open circulatory system, faster animals have closed circulatry system

Movement: mucus secretion or jet propulsion

Reproduction: external and internal fertilization

Nervous System: simple with ganglia and nerve cords, sensory organs, octopi have well-developed brains

Phylum: Annelida

Class: Oligochaeta

Respiration: gases exchanged between circulatory system and moist skin

Digestion: food is mixture of soil and organic matter, enters pharynx- esophogus- crop- gizzard (mixture ground), absorption and digestion take place in intenstine

Excretion: undigested material go out anus, nephridia also used

Nervous System: ventral nerve cord, ganglia

Circulation: 5 aortic arches used as pumping organs

Phylum: mollusca

Class: bivalves

Respiration: gills

Digestion: complete digestive system, alimentary canal with mouth and anus, radula is a grasping organ (toothed tongue)

Excretion: one or two metanephridia

Nervous system: ganglia, nerve cords

Circulation: open circulatory system, heart vessels, open sinuses (cephalopods have closed system)

Phylum: Echinodermata

Class: Asteroidea

Structure: star shaped with spiny skin

Digestion: uses tube feet, pushes stomach out and pour enzymes, pulls into stomach

Excretion: released through anus

Nervous system: nerve ring, radial nerves, scattered sensory cells

Motion: tube feet

Reproduction: external reproduction

Pedicellaria: clean starfish's surface

Ampullae: controls water entering and exiting tube feet

Phylum:Arthropoda

Class: Crustaceans

Respiration:gills and trachael tubes

Digestion: mouth- espophogus- cardiac stomach- digestive gland- gastric mill grinds food- pyloric stomach- intenstine

Excretion: anus

Nervous system: brain, subesophogeal ganglia, lateral nerves, ventral nerve cord, sensory organs

Circulation: open circulatory system, single chambered heart

Reproduction: external fertilization

Phylum: Arthropoda

Respiration: trachael tubes and spiracles

Digestion: mouth- muscular pharynx- esophogus- crop- malphighian tubes

Excretion: malphighian tubes

Nervous system: 2 nerve cords, ganglia, sensory organs

Circulation: open circulatory system, heart