Term
| What are the 4 rules of the human body? |
|
Definition
1. Variable
2. Lazy
3. Conservative
4. Redundant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ...people are not exactly the same. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ...the body doesn't want to work harder than it needs; it does the least amount of work possible; it's efficient. |
|
|
Term
| Conservative means that... |
|
Definition
| ...(in response to stimuli) it is careful with regards to responses and reactions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ...it is repetitive; there's more than one way to do a certain task; there are many mechanisms for a single function. |
|
|
Term
| List the 11 body systems. |
|
Definition
1. Cardiovascular
2. Endocrine
3. Gastrointestinal
4. Immune
5. Integumentary
6. Muscular
7. Nervous
8. Renal
9. Reproductive
10. Respiratory
11. Skeletal |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 fxns. of the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
1. Maintenance of fluid balance
2. Thermoregulation
3. Transportation |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 structures of the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
1. Heart
2. Blood vessels
3. Blood |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 examples of blood vessles? |
|
Definition
1. Arteries
2. Veins
3. Capillaries
4. Lymph vessels |
|
|
Term
| With regards to the cardiovascular system, what do lymph vessels do? |
|
Definition
| Return interstitial fluid to the capillaries. |
|
|
Term
| T/F You typically tend to gain fluid across the capillaries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 disorders of the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
1. Stenosis
2. Congestive heart failure
3. Heart attack |
|
|
Term
| The endocrine system includes anything that makes ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 fxns. of the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
1. Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream
2. Long-term homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 structures of the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
1. Glands
2. Heart
3. Stomach |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 disorders of the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
1. Hypothyroidism
2. Dwarfism
3. Diabetes |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 fxns. of the gastrointestinal system? |
|
Definition
1. Break-down food for absorption
2. Re-absoprtion of water
3. Waste excretion |
|
|
Term
| What re 2 structures of the gastrointestinal system? |
|
Definition
1. Stomach
2. Liver
3. Pancreas |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 main segregations of the gastrointestinal system? |
|
Definition
1. GI tract
2. Accesory organs |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 disorders of the gastrointestinal system? |
|
Definition
1. Gastric ulcers
2. Malabsorption
3. IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the immune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 structures of the immune system? |
|
Definition
1. Lymph nodes
2. Lymph vessels
3. Thymus |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 disorcers of the immune system? |
|
Definition
1. Auto-immune
2. Allergies
3. HIV/AIDS |
|
|
Term
| With regards to the immune system, what is the purpose of the lymph vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 fxns. of the integumentary system? |
|
Definition
1. Protection
2. Thermoregulation
3. Vitamin D production |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 structures of the integumentary system? |
|
Definition
1. Skin
2. Skin glands
3. Nails |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 disorders of the integumentary system? |
|
Definition
1. Acne
2. Chicken pox
3. Dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| What 2 things do skin glands produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 fxns. of the muscular (skeletal muscular) system? |
|
Definition
1. Movement
2. Stability
3. Thermoregulation |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 structures of the skeletal (skeletal muscular) system? |
|
Definition
1. Muscles
2. Muscle-associated connective tissue
3. Tendons |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 disorders of the muscular (skeletal muscular) system? |
|
Definition
1. Tetanus
2. Botulism
3. Muscular dystrophy |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 fxns. of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
1. Input
2. Integration
3. Output |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 structures of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
1. Receptors
2. Nerves
3. CNS (brain, spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
| What re 3 disorders of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
1. Alzheimer's
2. Parkinson's
3. Cerebral palsy |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 fxns. of the renal system? |
|
Definition
1. Blood filtration
2. Long-term pH balance
3. Regulation |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 things that the renal system regulates? |
|
Definition
1. Plasma volume
2. Plasma ions
3. Electolytes |
|
|
Term
| The renal system produces ________, which increases RBC production). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The renal system activates what vitamin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 structure of the renal system? |
|
Definition
1. Kidneys
2. Bladder
3. Urethra |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 disorders of the renal system? |
|
Definition
1. Kidney stones
2. Renal failure
3. Urinary tract infection |
|
|
Term
| Which is the only system that doesn't have anything to do with homeostasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is the one system we can live without? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 fxns. of the reproductive system? |
|
Definition
1. Union of gametes
2. Gamete storage
3. Hormone production |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 structures of the reproductive system? |
|
Definition
1. Penis
2. Vagina
3. Uterus |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 disorders of the reproductive system? |
|
Definition
1. Prostate cancer
2. PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome)
3. Endometriosis |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 fxns. of the repiratory system? |
|
Definition
1. Transportation
2. Short-term pH balance
3. Protection |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 structure of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
1. Nose
2. Lungs
3. Diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 fxns. of the skeletal system? |
|
Definition
1. Support
2. Mineral storage
3. Protection |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 structures of the skeletal system? |
|
Definition
1. Bones
2. Ligaments
3. Joints |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 disorders of the skeletal system? |
|
Definition
1. Arthritis
2. Bone trauma
3. Osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
| List the body's 2 control systems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 things define the body's control systems? |
|
Definition
1. Masters of their domains
2. Cannot live without them
3. Maintain homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the distinctions b/w the nervous and endocrine systems (as control systems). |
|
Definition
Nervous - very fast, immediate control of things; hard-wired (w/ exception of synapses); very protective; short-term homeostasis; turns-on sympathetic/automatic responses
Endocrine - slow; hormone-medated; long-term homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| Define dynamic homeostasis. |
|
Definition
| Maintaining flux around a set-point, where not everything requires a response |
|
|
Term
| Regarding dynamic homeostasis, within the thresholds, the body (does/does not) need to respond; anything that falls _________ the thresholds requires a response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dynamic homeostasis is maintained only in one place or internal environment. Where is that place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extracellular fluid is found in what 2 places? |
|
Definition
1. Plasma
2. Interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
| What is the exception to the rule that, "if it can cross the wall, it will be in equal concentration both inside and out"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the exception to the rule that, "if it can cross the wall, it will be in equal concentration both inside and out"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of feedback. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which form of feedback is most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative feedback includes anything with a ________; it's a ________ system (where the response occurs in the __________ direction of the change). |
|
Definition
| Set-point; return; opposite |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 examples of negative feedback? |
|
Definition
1. Blood pressure
2. Blood volume
3. Temperature |
|
|
Term
| Positive feedback is a _______ system; these parameters do not have a _________/__________ where they need to be maintained; they runaway in the _________ direction as the initial change. |
|
Definition
| Runaway; set-point; baseline; same |
|
|
Term
| Correct an increase in temperature. |
|
Definition
| Peripheral vasodilation, sweating, increased vasopressin (thirst), decreased T3T4 (metabolic rate), increased insulin (energy storage) |
|
|
Term
| Correct a decrease of temperature. |
|
Definition
| Shivering, peripheral vasoconstriction, increased T3T4, increased epinephrine/cortisol/glucagon (fuel mobilization) |
|
|
Term
| A feedback loop includes what 5 things? |
|
Definition
1. Sensor
2. Input
3. Integration
4. Output
5. Effector responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any kind of receptor that's picking up information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Thermoreceptor
2. Chemoreceptor
3. Baroreceptor
4. Photopreceptor
5. Mechanoreceptor
6. Osmoreceptor |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 forms of receptors with relation to location in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 forms of receptors with relation to location in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 forms of receptors with relation to location in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thermoreceptors are driven by (core/cutaneous) receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma calcium ahs decreased. Fill in the feedback loop. |
|
Definition
Sensor - chemoreceptors (core and cutaneous)
Input - afferent neuron
Integration - CNS
Output - efferent neuron
Effector response - increased parathyroid hormone, which increases plasma calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What doe epinephrine, glucagon, and corisol do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does parathyroid do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A way of quantifying how good the body is at doing something |
|
|
Term
| Gain = _________/_________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding gain, define compensation. |
|
Definition
| How much change was buffered or compensated for |
|
|
Term
| Regarding gain, define error. |
|
Definition
| How much we change from baseline |
|
|
Term
| Regarding gain, >5 is ______, while <5 is ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gain gets (better/worse) over time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding gain, a large positive is ______ (________/_______). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding gain, a small positive is _______ (______/_______). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding gain, a large negative is _____ (______/______). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding gain, a small negative is _____ (_____/_____). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding gain, any negative, whether small or large, means what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Connective
2. Epithelial
3. Muscle
4. Nervous |
|
|
Term
| What are 11 fxns. of connective tissue? |
|
Definition
1. Connect
2. Structural support
3. Cushion
4. Transport
5. Protection
6. Hematopoesis
7. Mineral storage
8. Fat/nutrient storage
9. Outward structures
10. Embryonic skeleton
11. Thermoregulation |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of connective tissue? |
|
Definition
1. Blood
2. Bone
3. Cartilage
4. Connective tissue proper |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 forms of connective tissue proper? |
|
Definition
1. Loose connecive tissue
2. Dense connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of loose connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give 3 examples of dense connective tissue. |
|
Definition
1. Tendons
2. Ligaments
3. Organ capsules |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 characteristics of connective tissue? |
|
Definition
1. Few cells
2. Abundant matrix
3. Varied vascularity
4. Varied innervation |
|
|
Term
| List the 4 connective tissue cell types. |
|
Definition
1. Osteocyte (bone)
2. Erythrocyte (blood)
3. Chondrocyte (cartilage)
4. Fibrocyte (CT proper) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Production of white/red blood cells and platelets. |
|
|
Term
| What are 8 fxns. of epithelial tissue. |
|
Definition
1. Protection
2. Secretion
3. Filtration
4. Reabsorption
5. Absorption
6. Lubrication
7. Barrier
8. Conduits |
|
|
Term
| Matrices are made of what 2 things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue? |
|
Definition
1. Densely packed cells
2. Very little matrix
3. Avascular
4. Rapidly regenerative
5. All innervated |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial tissue is innervated by __________ tissue, which includes _______ and ________ messages. |
|
Definition
| Autonomic; sympathetic; parashympathetic |
|
|
Term
| The most common cell to be stratified is _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By what 2 things is epithelial tissue classified? |
|
Definition
1. Shape of cell
2. # of layers of cells |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 epithelial tissue cell shapes. |
|
Definition
1. Squamous
2. Cuboidal
3. Columnar |
|
|
Term
| Describe a squamous cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe a cuboidal cell. |
|
Definition
| Square with a centrally located round nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Describe a columnar cell. |
|
Definition
| Rectangular with elongated nucleus at the bottom |
|
|
Term
| Regarding epithelial tissue, classification by # of layers of cells is either ________ or _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 functions of simple squamous cells? |
|
Definition
1. Diffusion
2. Filtration
3. Exchange |
|
|
Term
| List 3 locations where simple squamous cells can be found. |
|
Definition
1. Capillaries
2. Alveoli
3. Glomerulous |
|
|
Term
| List 3 fxns. of simple cuboidal cells. |
|
Definition
1. Secretion
2. Absorption
3. Reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| List 3 places where simple cuboidal cells can be found. |
|
Definition
1. Kidney tubules
2. Small intestine
3. Thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
| List 2 functions of simple columnar cells. |
|
Definition
1. Secretion
2. Absorption |
|
|
Term
| List 3 places where simpel columnar cells can be found. |
|
Definition
1. Small intestine
2. Large intestine
3. Gallbladder |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
| Generate force or tension |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 functions of skeletal muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 7 characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
1. Striated
2. Multinucleated
3. Cylindrical
4. Long
5. Poor regeneration
6. Neurogenic
7. Innervated by somatic motor neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Action is directed by neurons |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of cardiac muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
| Generate tension to move blood; pumping |
|
|
Term
| What are 7 characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
1. Branched
2. Uninucleate
3. Striated
4. Poor regeneration
5. Myogenic
6. Innervated by autonomic neurons
7. Connected by intercollated disks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 main functions of smooth muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
1. Controlling flow rate
2. Moving things forward |
|
|
Term
| List 6 characteristics of smooth muscle tissue. |
|
Definition
1. Not striated
2. Uninucleate (centrally located)
3. Spindle-shaped
4. Neurogenic or myogenic
5. Innervated by autonomic neurons
6. Regenerative |
|
|
Term
| List 2 types of nervous tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List 2 functions of neurons. |
|
Definition
1. Collect info.
2. Make and release neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| Neurons (are/are not) regenerative. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glial cells (are/are not) regenerative. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brain cancers and tumors almost always involve ______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give 3 examples of things that harm cells. |
|
Definition
1. Age
2. Infection
3. Abrasion |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 cell and tissue responses to injury or stressors. |
|
Definition
1. Recovery
2. Death
3. Adaptation |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 cell and tissue responses to injury or stressors. |
|
Definition
1. Recovery
2. Death
3. Adaptation |
|
|
Term
| List the 2 types of cell/tissue death. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Programmed/controlled cell death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unplanned/unregulated cell death |
|
|
Term
| T/F Necrosis is sometimes beneficial. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cell/tussue response to injury/stress? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 5 types of cell/tissue adaptation to injury/stress. |
|
Definition
1. Atrophy
2. Hypertrophy
3. Hyperplasia
4. Metaplasia
5. Dysplasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which 2 adaptations do not entail physiological and pathological changes? |
|
Definition
1. Metaplasia
2. Dysplasia |
|
|
Term
| Describe the physiological aspect of atrophy. |
|
Definition
| No stimulus to maintain size; nothing wrong; disuse |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathological aspect of atrophy. |
|
Definition
| Something causes cell/tissue to get smaller |
|
|
Term
| Give 3 examples of Physiological atrophy. |
|
Definition
1. Laziness
2. Bed rest
3. Cast |
|
|
Term
| Give 3 examples of pathological atrophy. |
|
Definition
1. Denervation
2. Disease
3. Muscular dystrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give 3 examples of physiological hypertrophy. |
|
Definition
1. Adding muscle bulk
2. Excercise
3. Weight training |
|
|
Term
| Give 2 examples of pahological hypertrophy. |
|
Definition
1. Cardiac/ventricular hypertrophy
2. Chronically pumping against high resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increasing by division/addition |
|
|
Term
| In what 2 tissue types does hyperplasia typically occur? |
|
Definition
1. Epithelial
2. Smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| Give 3 examples of physiological hyperplasia. |
|
Definition
1. EPO (blood doping)
2. Breast size in pregnancy
3. Placental formation |
|
|
Term
| Give and example of pathological hyperplasia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Prastatic hyperplasia is almost always malignant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Replacing one cell type with another |
|
|
Term
| Give 2 examples of metaplasia. |
|
Definition
1. Scar tissue
2. Smokers' airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A change in size, structure, border, shape of existing cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the only cell/tissue adaptation that increases one's risk of malignancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 most common stressors? |
|
Definition
1. Pregnancy
2. Endurance exercise |
|
|
