Term
1) Which cell types are involved in innate, active immunity?
2) Which cell types are involved in adaptive, active immunity?
3) Which cell types are involved in both? |
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Definition
1) Mast cell, Dendritic Cell, Macrophage, Natural Killer Cell, Basophil, Eosinophil, Neutrophil, Complement Protein
2) B Cell (and antibodies) T Cell (CD4+ and CD8+)
3) gamma/delta T cell, Natural Killer T Cell |
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Term
| What are the primary differences between the activity of the innate and adaptive immune systems? |
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Definition
1) Innate-
- Rapid
- preexisting molecules sense "danger" and attempt to rid body of pathogens.
-Little specificity
-No "memory" response
2) Adaptive- Takes place if innate fails.
- Slow to start
- Specific
- "memory"
- B-cells make antibodies
- T cells make helpers and killers |
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Term
Match the characteristics with the cell type for
IIS.
1) Phagocytic and abundant in blood in neutral granules (home to infection site)
2) Involved in parasite immunity; allergies
3) tumor rejection and viral-infected cells, lacking specific rearranged antigen receptors
4) Pass through blod to tissues where they mature into antigen-presenting cells (Lymphoid- or Myeloid-like)
5) Similar to Mast cells with basic granules- involved in allergic response
AIS
6) Antibody on surface and then differentiate into plasma cells
7) Have surface receptors for protein antigens, which them present to DC's
8) Pass through blood from lymph node to bone marrow and secrete large amounts of antibody |
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Definition
1) Neutrophils (polys and bands)
2) Eosinophils (eos)
3) Natural killer cells (NK)
4) Immature Dendritic Cells (DCs)
5) Basophils (basos)
6) B Cells
7) T Cells
8) Plasma Cells |
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Term
| From what population of cells do the majority of immune related cells develop from? |
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Definition
Hematopoetic Stem Cells (HSC)
Differentiation determined by concentrations of different growth factors |
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Term
| How do you tell between different granulocytes? |
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Definition
Morphology and Staining
1) Neutophils stain both acidic and basic
2) Eosinophils stain with ACID dye (red); bilobed nucleas
3) Basophils: stain with BASIC dye (blue)- inflammation and allergy |
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Term
| How do you tell cells in adaptive immunity apart? |
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Definition
Need protein marker staining!
1) CD Markers (cluster of differentiation) identify cell surface molecules using flourescent-tagged antibodies.
2) Flow Cytometry- colorimetric antibody sorting. Can be coupled to FACS/ user laser to identify and sort into different tubes for analysis. |
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Term
| You use FACS and flow cytometry to characterize a population of cells and discover 64% express CD19/CD20, while 14% express CD3, CD4 and CD8. Which population is which? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do cells "sense danger"? |
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Definition
1) PAMPS (liopopolysacharide from bacteria) and DAMPS (HMGB1 and heat shock proteins) bind Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which regulate gene expression (NF-KB is an example of this). TLR4 is LPS receptor
2) Transcription initiates production of cytokines such as interleukins and interferons.
3) Immune system activation can also induce normal serum proteins such as antimicrobial peptides like IL-6, C-reactive protein, etc. The Complement system is also activated to attack pathogens directly. |
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Term
| What are some effector mechanisms that are activated in the presence of a pathogen? |
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Definition
1) Phagocytic cells (activated by cytokines) engulf and destroy
2) Innate immune cells and Complement send out chemoattractant signals which draw in neutrophils and may activate hematopoiesis.
3) Giant, multi-macrophage cell development
4) Granuloma (>= 2 macrophages working together to destroy persistent pathogen)
5) If Innate fails, a few days later adaptive takes over, which induces memory response to protect against subsequent exposures. |
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Term
| What is the difference between acute and prolonged inflammatory mechanisms? |
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Definition
1) Acute- initial response when plasma and leukocytes (mostly granulocytes) migrate to injured tissues.
2) Prolonged- progressive shift in cell types present at site, characterized by simultaneous healing and destruction- can lead to fibrosis. |
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Term
| Which Lymphoid organs and tissues are "primary" (where cells arise and develop), and which are "secondary" (where adaptive immunity meets antigens)? |
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Definition
1) Primary
-Bone marrow (source of adult stem cells)
-Thymus (adult T-cells)
-Yolk sac and liver (stem cells for fetus)
-Bursa (in checkens) specialized for B cells
2) Secondary
-Spleen
-Lymph nodes, T and B cell areas germinal centers with intense proliferations of B cells
- Peyer's patches
-Tonsils and adenoids |
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Term
| What happens in lymph nodes? |
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Definition
IIS meets AIS!
lymphatics drain pathogens/antigens and dendritic cells from innate system meet and stimulate B and T cells from adaptive system. |
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Term
| What is the relevance of Opsonin? |
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Definition
| Enhancer of phagocytosis that coats the molecules on the membrane or particle. |
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Term
| What is the effect of Pyrogen exposure? |
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Definition
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