Term
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Definition
The sociological imagination
*make the familiar strange |
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Term
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Definition
-legal systems
-labor market
-educational systems
-military
-family
*change over time |
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Term
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Definition
| Father of Sociology *highest of all the sciences |
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Term
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Definition
study of suicide
*linked to social integration |
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Term
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Definition
| weaker social ties linked to higher suicide rates |
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Term
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Definition
-social class
-class conflict
*conflict b/t classes drove social change throughout history |
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Term
| Karl Marx - 2 Social Classes |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
capitalists
-owned factories
-owned land
-had capital |
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Term
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Definition
workers
-sell labor for a wage
-do not own means of production
*exploited by the bourgeoisie |
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Term
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Definition
| government owns means of production |
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Term
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Definition
-life becoming bureaucracy
-people less free
-trapped in our own lives
-religion + capitalism hand in hand
*Protestantism |
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Term
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Definition
face-to-face encounters
*gather data and in-depth interviews |
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Term
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Definition
looks at social dynamics across whole societies
*less personal |
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Term
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Definition
-social stability & continuity
-society as a system
-societal consensus on cultural values & social norms
-social change should be gradual over time to keep balance
-rapid social change is detrimental to social order & stability |
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Term
|
Definition
favors the status quo
*problem for those trying to effect social change |
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Term
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Definition
| examines society on a large, grand scale |
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Term
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Definition
-social change and discontinuity
-society as a system w/different distributions of power and wealth
-lacks stability and order
-participants may not share values and norms |
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Term
|
Definition
social change is good
*should occur whenever possible
*we should all be working toward change |
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Term
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Definition
interaction process b/t people based on shared symbols
*society is a constructed reality
*we LEARN the meaning of symbols via the reactions of others
**all social interaction is based on these learned meanings
*does not study structural effects
*studies the small picture
**interactions b/t individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| approaches that social scientists use for investigating the answers to questions |
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Term
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Definition
| methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in or can be converted to numeric form |
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Term
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Definition
| methods that attempt to collect info about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form |
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Term
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Definition
a research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and then analyze data to confirm, reject, or modify th original theory
-theory
-hypothesis
-observes
-analyze |
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Term
| Correlation (or Association) |
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Definition
simultaneous variation in two variables
*poor health --->lower income
*poor health <---lower income |
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Term
|
Definition
the notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another
*reckless tendencies --->poor health AND --->lower income |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which the researcher believes that A results in a change in B, but B is causing A |
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Term
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Definition
| the OUTCOME that the researcher is trying to explain |
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Term
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Definition
| a measured factor that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the DV |
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Term
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Definition
| a proposed relationship b/t 2 variables |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of assigning a precise METHOD for MEASURING a term being examined for use in a particular study |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure |
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Term
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Definition
| likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a larger group than the ones we studied |
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Term
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Definition
| a simulated treatment given to a control group in an experiment |
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Term
|
Definition
| experiment where neither the subjects nor researchers know who is in the control group and who is in the treatment group |
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Term
|
Definition
analyzing and critically considering our own role in, and effect on, our research
*bias |
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Term
|
Definition
aims to uncover the meanings people give to their behavior by observing their actions in practice
*Haney |
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Term
|
Definition
culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere
*rap music example |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 mirrors facing each other, simultaneously reflecting and creating the world we live in |
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Term
|
Definition
formats or vehicles that carry, present, or communication info
*books, posters, web pages, radio
*propeganda |
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Term
|
Definition
any form of media that reaches the mass of the people
*internet |
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Term
|
Definition
occurs when people perform an action or follow a dominant group because of force
*Nazi Germany |
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Term
|
Definition
occurs when a dominant force uses its power w/in the voluntary "concent" of the masses
*brainwashing people to go along with the status quo because it seems like the best course
*Trump |
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Term
| Media studies developed in order to examine... |
|
Definition
-textual analysis & audience studies
-how people create media and the biases involved in that creation
-how media engages in cultural production
*rail thin in the 90s to big butts!
-how individuals and groups use media to change culture
*Public Relations
- |
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Term
|
Definition
| Intentionally or unintentionally, subtly or overtly, the media can create or reinforce ethnic, racial, gender, religion, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Allowing people to become distracted or disinterested believing that social issues are not important or that there is no way to help |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hurricane Katrina example |
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Term
|
Definition
American media is charged with glamorizing &perpetuating
*Beauty contests |
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Term
| Political Economy of the Media |
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Definition
6 companies own all news
*GE
*News Corp
*Disney
*Vicom
*Time-Warner
*CBS
232 executives in charge of choosing what stories make the news |
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Term
|
Definition
| The belief that happiness and fulfillment can be achieved through the acquisition of material possessions |
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Term
|
Definition
of the media has spread American culture around the world
*coca cola |
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Term
|
Definition
process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society
*no murdering |
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Term
|
Definition
-cannot explain everything about a person's development & personality
*biology is important!
*we are not blank slates
*nature v nurture |
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Term
|
Definition
Black and white ---> grey
*right v wrong |
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Term
|
Definition
Physical Neglect
*Genie's story |
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Term
Theory of Socialization
*Self* |
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Definition
| is a concept distinguishing b/t you and I |
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Term
|
Definition
Theorized that the "self" emerges from our ability to assume the point of view of others AND imagine how others see us
*the looking-glass self |
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Term
|
Definition
| stressed the importance of imitation, play, and games are important components of childhood development |
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Term
| Mead's Stages of Social Development |
|
Definition
1) I/ ME
*self
2) Significant other
*mom
3) Reference Group
*college students
4) Generalized Other
*Americans |
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Term
|
Definition
-families, school, peers, media, & total institutions
*all important |
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Term
| Agents of Socialization (Peers) |
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Definition
can reinforce messages taught in the home
*peers also have their own set of rules and info |
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Term
| Agents of Socialization (Media) |
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Definition
what we see in the media also shapes how we see ourselves and the world
*controversy over how powerful that effect is |
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Term
|
Definition
| change in values, beliefs, or norms through an intensive social process |
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Term
| Examples of Resocialization |
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Definition
*religion
*volunteer for Peace Corps
*move to a new country
*military
*addition to the family
*marriage/dating |
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Term
|
Definition
-totally immersed
*give up autonomy
-basic day-to-day life is controlled
*rehab
*military
*prisons
*boarding schools |
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Term
Social Interaction
*Merton's Role Theory*
STATUS |
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Definition
| position in society that comes with a set of expectations |
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Term
Social Interaction
*Merton's Role Theory*
3 Types of Status |
|
Definition
ASCRIBED STATUS
*born with. unlikely to change
**race
ACHIEVED STATUS
*earned through individual effort or is imposed by others
**student, parent, drug dealer
MASTER STATUS
*more important
*overrides all other statuses
*affects all other statuses |
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Term
|
Definition
| behaviors expected from a particular status |
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Term
|
Definition
when the roles associated w/one's status clash w/the roles associated w/a different status
*full-time single-mom, full-time studentstudent, part-time employee |
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Term
|
Definition
when roles associated w/a single status clash
*college students ---> get good grades o party? |
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Term
| Role Conflict and Role Strain may lead to... |
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Definition
Role Exit
*quit job or school |
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Term
Erving Goffman
*Dramaturgical Theory* |
|
Definition
views social life as a theatrical performance in which we are all actors on 'stages' with different roles, scripts, costumes, and sets
*every interaction works this way
*we are always aware of our performance |
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Term
Erving Goffman
*Dramaturgical Theory*
FRONT STAGE |
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Definition
| the performances we allow people to see |
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Term
Erving Goffman
*Dramaturgical Theory*
BACK STAGE |
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Definition
goes on behind the scene
*not everyone gets to see |
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Term
Erving Goffman
*Dramaturgical Theory*
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT |
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Definition
| occurs when we wish to perform well for the 'audience' |
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Term
Harold Garfinkel
ETHNOMETHODOLOGY |
|
Definition
an approach to studying human interaction that focuses on the ways in which we MAKE SENSE of our world, CONVEY this understanding to others, and produce a mutually shared social order
*meaning behind actions
*study cultures |
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Term
Harold Garfinkel
*BREACHING EXPERIMENTS* |
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Definition
-method for studying social interaction involving collaborators exhibiting 'abnormal' or 'atypical' behaviors in social interactions to see how people react
*shopping out of other people's carts
*Jackass -- blow airhorn on the golf course |
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Term
| Social Construction of Reality |
|
Definition
unexpected change in 'reality' is upsetting
*we all have a stake in maintaining consensus on shared meaning so your society can function smoothly |
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Term
|
Definition
building blocks for society & most social interaction
*George Simmel: key element is size of the group |
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Term
|
Definition
intimate, long-term, face-to-face association & cooperation
*most important
*parents
*children |
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Term
|
Definition
larger, more temporary, anonymous, formal, and impersonal based on interest or activity where members interact
*book club
*veterans |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
Simmel
When a DYAD becomes a TRIAD, the new person plays... |
|
Definition
MEDIATOR
*not conflict resolver
TERTIUS GAUDENS
*profits from disagreements
DIVIDE ET IMPERA
*divide and conquer
*purposefully break up the triad |
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Term
| As group size increases, the number of possible relationships... |
|
Definition
increase
*a group of 4 has 6 possible relationships |
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Term
|
Definition
an experiment that shows how people are influenced by another group of individuals
*group conformity |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 or more people who interact w/each other on a regular basis, share common expectations, and have a common identity |
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Term
|
Definition
temporarily share the same space but do not see themselves as belonging together
*drunk girls in the bathroom |
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Term
|
Definition
people who share similar characteristics but do not interact or share a common identity
*US graduates of 1990
**class of 1990 |
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Term
|
Definition
set of relations held together by ties b/t individuals
TIES: set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network
*common bond
*student/professor relationship
NARRATIVE: sum of the stories contained in a series of ties |
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Term
|
Definition
the degree to which ties are reinforced w/in a social network
*family |
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Term
|
Definition
can be valuable b/c they are more likely to provide new opportunities than a strongly embedded tie
*job ops |
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Term
|
Definition
social network that is defined by a common purpose and has a boundary b/t its membership and the rest of the social word
*golf club |
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Term
|
Definition
can be FORMAL
*set of rules & governing structures
or INFORMAL
*w/out formal rules and regulations |
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Term
|
Definition
| those toward which we feel loyalty |
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Term
|
Definition
those toward which we feel antagonism
*Vikings/Packers
*Republicans/Democrats |
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Term
|
Definition
info or knowledge that will help one succeed in a preexisting network
*can be unfair
**nepotism
-communities with high amounts of SC are generally tightly knit
*come together to face challenges |
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Term
|
Definition
social capital decline
*we are more loosely connected today than generations past |
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Term
|
Definition
any variation of socially established norms
*not necessarily bad, just different
**social judgment NOT amoral one |
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Term
|
Definition
minor transgressions of the norms
*Paris Hilton's giant feet |
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Term
|
Definition
AKA crime
*violation of laws |
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Term
| Definitions of DEVIANCE are... |
|
Definition
-subject to change
-likely to vary across cultures and contexts |
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Term
|
Definition
negative response we get when we violate a norm
*movie theater --> ssshhhhhhh |
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Term
|
Definition
positive response from good behavior
*clapping |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Functionalist View- Durkheim
SOCIAL COHESION |
|
Definition
| the way people form social bonds, relate to each other, and get along on a day-to-day basis |
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Term
Functionalist View- Durkheim
MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY |
|
Definition
| based on the SAMENESS of society's parts or members |
|
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Term
Functionalist View- Durkheim
COLLECTIVE CONSCIENCE |
|
Definition
set of common assumptions about how the world works
*abortion controversy |
|
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Term
Functionalist View- Durkheim
PUNITIVE JUSTICE |
|
Definition
making the violator suffer
*prison
**lock up, throw away the key |
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Term
Functionalist View- Durkheim
REHABILITATIVE JUSTICE |
|
Definition
| examines circumstances of a transgressor (prisoner) & attempts to find ways to rehabilitate |
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Term
FUNCTIONALIST VIEW- Durkheim
RESTITUTIVE SANCTIONS |
|
Definition
| punishments that attempt to restore the status quo that existed prior to an offense or event |
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Term
| Durkheim believed that deviance is functional for society because... |
|
Definition
-deviance affirms norms
-promotes social unity
*non-deviant bond
-can promote social change
*Rosa Parks |
|
|
Term
FUNCTIONALIST VIEW- Durkheim
SOCIAL CONTROL |
|
Definition
| set of mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals |
|
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Term
FUNCTIONALIST VIEW- Durkheim
NORMATIVE COMPLIANCE |
|
Definition
act of abiding by society's norms
*following the rules |
|
|
Term
FUNCTIONALIST VIEW- Durkheim
FORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL |
|
Definition
| laws and police authority |
|
|
Term
FUNCTIONALIST VIEW- Durkheim
FORMAL SOCIAL SANCTIONS |
|
Definition
rules expressly set forth by society
*murder and theft are illegal |
|
|
Term
FUNCTIONALIST VIEW- Durkheim
INFORMAL SOCIAL SANCTIONS |
|
Definition
unspoken rules & expectations for people's behavior
*forms the base level of order and cohesion
*foundation for formal social order |
|
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Term
| FUNCTIONALIST VIEW- Durkheim on SUICIDE |
|
Definition
| caused by an imbalance b/t the individual and society |
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|
Term
FUNCTIONALIST VIEW- Durkheim on SUICIDE
2 FACTORS |
|
Definition
-level of SOCIAL INTEGRATION in a group
-level of SOCIAL REGULATION in a group |
|
|
Term
FUNCTIONALIST VIEW- Durkheim
EGOISTIC SUICIDE |
|
Definition
the need to feel as if we have an effect on the group
*old people |
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|
Term
FUNCTIONALIST VIEW- Durkheim
Alturistic Suicide |
|
Definition
a group dominates the life of an individual to such a degree that he or she feels meaningless aside from this social recognition
*the person is nothing without the group |
|
|
Term
FUNCTIONALIST VIEW- Durkheim
ANOMIC SUICIDE |
|
Definition
results from the absence of social regulation
*not enuff rules
**teenagers |
|
|
Term
FUNCTIONALIST VIEW- Durkheim
FATALISTIC SUICIDE |
|
Definition
too many rules
*too much social regulation
**prison |
|
|
Term
Functionalism: Deviance & Social Control
Robert Merton's STRAIN THEORY |
|
Definition
DEVIANCE occurs when society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially accepted goals
*owning a house
*owning a car |
|
|
Term
Functionalism: Deviance & Social Control
Robert Merton's STRAIN THEORY --> CONFORMIST |
|
Definition
accepts the goals of society and the means of achieving those goals
*gain college education, work a 9-5 job, and eventually achieve goals
*most of us |
|
|
Term
Functionalism: Deviance & Social Control
Robert Merton's STRAIN THEORY --> Innovators |
|
Definition
accepts the goals of society but look for new or innovative ways of achieving those goals
*Bill Gates
*drug dealer |
|
|
Term
Functionalism: Deviance & Social Control
Robert Merton's STRAIN THEORY --> RITUALISTS |
|
Definition
aren't interested in the goals of society, but accept the means of achieving those goals
*fast-food employee
**not interested in copious amounts of money |
|
|
Term
Functionalism: Deviance & Social Control
Robert Merton's STRAIN THEORY --> RETREATISTS |
|
Definition
don't accept goals of society OR the means of achieving those goals
*live off the grid
**Ted Kazinski |
|
|
Term
Functionalism: Deviance & Social Control
Robert Merton's STRAIN THEORY --> REBELS |
|
Definition
like the RETREATISTS, REBELS don't accept the goals of society OR the means of achieving those goals, but REBELS create their own goals using new means
*disrupts the flow of society
*rebel against cultural norms |
|
|
Term
| CONFLICT THEORY on DEVIANCE |
|
Definition
studies issues of oppression & exploitation
*particular interest in the criminal justice system |
|
|
Term
| CONFLICT THEORY on DEVIANCE believes that the law.... |
|
Definition
is skewed toward the ruling class
*street crime v white collar crime |
|
|
Term
CONFLICT THEORY on DEVIANCE
SYMBOLIC INTERNATIONALISTS take a... |
|
Definition
MICRO view of society
*study small groups
**prisoners |
|
|
Term
CONFLICT THEORY on DEVIANCE
Labeling Theory |
|
Definition
people behave how they are labeled and it is ANCHORED when it is confirmed by many agents
*parents, school, friends |
|
|
Term
CONFLICT THEORY on DEVIANCE
Howard Becker |
|
Definition
believed that social groups create deviance by setting the rules for what's right and wrong and by LABELING wrongdoers & outsiders
*can't look at the individual
**marijuana experiment |
|
|
Term
CONFLICT THEORY on DEVIANCE
Primary Deviance |
|
Definition
the first act of rule breaking which may result in the rule breaker being LABELED
*influence how others see that person |
|
|
Term
CONFLICT THEORY on DEVIANCE
Secondary Deviance |
|
Definition
| rule breaking that occurs after the PRIMARY DEVIANCE |
|
|
Term
CONFLICT THEORY on DEVIANCE
Stigma |
|
Definition
negative social labe*changes behavior toward someone
**effects that person's self concept
*serious consequences
**less opportunities made available
*factors include culture or context |
|
|
Term
CONFLICT THEORY
Broken Window Theory of Deviance
*Zimbardo |
|
Definition
social context and social cues impact the way individuals act
*people who wouldn't exhibit a certain behavior in one social context might do so in another context where the behavior might seem more permissible
**Stanford Prison Experiment-- college undergrads one day, prisoners/wardens the next |
|
|
Term
CONFLICT THEORY- CRIME CATEGORIES
STREET |
|
Definition
committed in public
*often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty |
|
|
Term
CONFLICT THEORY-CRIME CATEGORIES
WHITE-COLLAR |
|
Definition
| committed by a professional against a corporation, agency or other business |
|
|
Term
CONFLICT THEORY-CRIME CATEGORIES
CORPORATE |
|
Definition
| a type of WHITE-COLLAR crime committed by individuals or executives within a company |
|
|
Term
CONFLICT THEORY
Crime Reduction % depend on... |
|
Definition
-how crimes are defined
-are people reporting crimes?
-technology
*DNA |
|
|
Term
CONFLICT THEORY
DETERRENCE THEORY |
|
Definition
crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits
*people don't commit crime because they don't want to be punished |
|
|
Term
CONFLICT THEORY
RECIDIVISM |
|
Definition
occurs when a person who has been involved in the criminal justice system reverts back to criminal behavior
*prison --> half-way house --> back into society --> commits crime --> prison
**70% in USA
***since the 1970s, there has been a shift from rehabilitation to prison sentences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
refers to systematic inequalities b/t groups of people
*access to resources
**money in USA |
|
|
Term
STRATIFICATION
ROUSSEAU (18th C) |
|
Definition
argued that private property creates social inequity
*ultimately leads to social conflict
**very forward thinking! |
|
|
Term
STRATIFICATION- ROUSSEAU (18th C)
Social Equality |
|
Definition
no levels of STRATIFICATION (inequities b/t groups of people)
*no difference in wealth, power, prestige, or status based on nonnatural conventions |
|
|
Term
STRATIFICATION
Ferguson and Millar |
|
Definition
argued that social inequality is good because people that accumulate resources and build up assets have more of an incentive to work
*republican ideological view that if you are poor, you are lazy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inequality is good because it controls population growth
*avoid overpopulation --> starvation |
|
|
Term
STRATIFICATION- William Hegel
DIALECTIC |
|
Definition
2 directional relationship that goes both ways
*master/slave |
|
|
Term
STRATIFICATION
Ontological Equality |
|
Definition
the notion that everyone is created equal at birth in the eyes of God
*popular during the Industrial Revolution
*work hard --> receive your reward in Heaven |
|
|
Term
STRATIFICATION
Equality of Opportunity |
|
Definition
the idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social prestige, and power
*rules of the game are the same for everyone...NOT! |
|
|
Term
STRATIFICATION
Equality of Condition |
|
Definition
| the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point to pursue goals |
|
|
Term
STRATIFICATION
Equality of Outcome |
|
Definition
argues that a player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the game
*communism |
|
|
Term
STRATIFICATION
Free-Rider Problem |
|
Definition
when there is more than one person responsible for getting something done, the incentive is to shirk responsibilities and hope others will pull the extra weight
*roommate/dishes example |
|
|
Term
FORMS OF STRATIFICATION
Class System |
|
Definition
economically based system of stratification
*the work that you do defines you |
|
|
Term
Forms of Stratification
Class System |
|
Definition
economically based system of stratification. Based on roles in production rather than individual characteristics
*the work you do defines you
**Conflict Theory
**Marx |
|
|
Term
Class: Erik Olin Wright
Contradictory Class Locations |
|
Definition
people can occupy locations in the class structure that fall b/t the 2 classes defined by Marx (Proletariat/Bourgeoisie)
*manager
*CEO |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
concept of class based in grouping people according to the value of their property or labor in the commercial marketplace
*if your job isn't important, you aren't important |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
system of stratification based on social prestige
*President |
|
|
Term
| Elite-Mass Dichotomy System |
|
Definition
governing elite
*few leaders hold the power of society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for elite-mass dichotomy system because the most skilled would rise to the top |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a ruling or influential class of educated or skilled people. |
|
|
Term
| Class: C. Wright Mills (of sociological imagination fame) |
|
Definition
elite-mass dichotomy dangerous!
*economic institutions/corporations
*political order
*military order |
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Term
| Socio-Economic Status (SES) |
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Definition
| refers to an individual position in a stratified social order |
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Term
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Definition
-Upper-class: 1%
*economic elite
-middle-class: non-manual jobs that pay significantly over the poverty line
*post WWII economic boom
-the poor: fall under the federal poverty line
*working poor
*non-working poor
**underclass |
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Term
| Horatio Alger Myth: "rags to riches" |
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Definition
justifies social order
*people at the top must have made the right decisions, worked hard, etc.
*people at the bottom must be lazy, unintelligent, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
industrialized, wealthy nation
*US, Japan, Australia |
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Term
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Definition
communist or socialist
*doesn't exist |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increased dramatically in the past 500 years |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
that Europe developed first because of geographic differences b/t people of Europe
*his views are now considered racist
**Europeans are virtuous and rational |
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Term
| Current Scholars believe Global Equality is caused by... |
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Definition
-length of growing season
-water supply issues
-lack of coal
-indigenous crops
*disease burden* |
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Term
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Definition
| the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically |
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Term
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Definition
| movement b/t positions w/in a system of social stratification in any given society |
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Term
| Pitirim Sorokin emphasized |
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Definition
| the importance of not just looking at the mobility of individuals but also examining GROUP MOBILITY |
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Term
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Definition
| moving b/t classes, but on the same rung on the ladder |
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Term
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Definition
| rise or fall of an individual or group from one social stratum to another |
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