Term
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Definition
studies the inheritance of traits related to behavior
Behavioral genetics seeks to understand how we
might inherit certain behavioral traits and how the environment influences
whether we actually display such traits |
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Term
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Definition
| examines the biological basis of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders.
Clinical psychology deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of
psychological disorders. Clinical psychologists are trained to diagnose and
treat problems that range from the crises of everyday life, such as unhappiness
over the breakup of a relationship, to more extreme conditions, such
as profound, lingering depression. |
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Term
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Definition
unites the areas of biopsychology and clinical
psychology, focusing on the relationship between biological factors and
psychological disorders
Clinical neuropsychology unites the areas of
neuroscience and clinical psychology: it focuses on the origin of psychological
disorders in biological factors. Building |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on the study of higher mental processes |
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Term
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Definition
focuses primarily on educational, social, and
career adjustment problems.
Counseling psychology focuses primarily on educational, social,
and career adjustment problems. Many large business organizations
employ counseling psychologists to help employees with work-related
problems. |
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Term
| Cross-cultural psychology |
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Definition
investigates the similarities and differences in
psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic
groups
Cross-cultural psychology investigates the similarities and differences in psychological
functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups. For
example, cross-cultural psychologists examine how cultures differ in their use
of punishment during child rearing. |
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Term
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Definition
examines how people grow and change from
the moment of conception through death |
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Term
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Definition
is concerned with teaching and learning
processes, such as the relationship between motivation and
school performance |
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Term
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Definition
considers the relationship between people
and their physical environment |
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Term
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Definition
considers how behavior is influenced by our
genetic inheritance from our ancestors
Evolutionary psychology
considers how behavior is influenced by
our genetic inheritance from our ancestors. The
evolutionary approach suggests that the chemical
coding of information in our cells not only determines
traits such as hair color and race but also
holds the key to understanding a broad variety of behaviors that helped our
ancestors survive and reproduce. |
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Term
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Definition
studies the processes of sensing, perceiving,
learning, and thinking about the world |
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Term
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Definition
focuses on legal issues, such as determining the
accuracy of witness memories.
Some clinical and counseling psychologists specialize in forensic psychology,
which applies psychology to the criminal justice system and legal issues.
For example, forensic psychologists may be asked to examine people accused of
crimes to determine if they are competent to stand trial or have psychological
disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
explores the relationship between psychological
factors and physical ailments or disease.
Health psychology
explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical
ailments or disease. For example, health psychologists are interested in
assessing how long-term stress (a psychological factor) can affect physical
health and in identifying ways to promote behavior that brings about good
health. |
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Term
| Industrial/Organizational Psychology |
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Definition
is concerned with the psychology
of the workplace |
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Term
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Definition
focuses on the consistency in people’s behavior
over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another |
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Term
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Definition
focuses on assessing large-scale programs, such as
the Head Start preschool program, to determine whether they are
effective in meeting their goals |
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Term
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Definition
focuses on issues such as discrimination
against women and the causes of violence against women |
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Term
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Definition
is devoted to counseling children in elementary
and secondary schools who have academic or emotional problems |
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Term
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Definition
is the study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and
actions are affected by others
social psychology is the study of how
people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others. Social psychologists
concentrate on such diverse topics as human aggression, liking and loving,
persuasion, and conformity. |
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Term
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Definition
| applies psychology to athletic activity and exercise |
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Term
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Definition
the scientific study of behavior
and mental processes, encompassing not just
what people do but their biological activities,
feelings, perceptions,memory, reasoning, and
thoughts. |
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Term
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Definition
Wundt’s approach,
which focuses on uncovering the
fundamental mental components of
consciousness, thinking, and other
kinds of mental states and activities. |
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Term
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Definition
A procedure used to
study the structure of the mind in
which subjects are asked to describe in
detail what they are experiencing when
they are exposed to a stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
An early approach
to psychology that concentrated on
what the mind does—the functions
of mental activity—and the role of
behavior in allowing people to adapt to
their environments. |
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Term
Gestalt (geh SHTALLT)
psychology |
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Definition
An approach to
psychology that focuses on the
organization of perception and thinking
in a “whole” sense rather than on the
individual elements of perception |
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Term
| The Neuroscience Perspective |
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Definition
considers how people and nonhumans
function biologically: how individual nerve cells are joined together, how
the inheritance of certain characteristics from parents and other ancestors
influences behavior, how the functioning of the body affects hopes and fears,
which behaviors are instinctual, and so forth. |
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Term
| The Psycho-dynamic Perspective |
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Definition
The
approach based on the view that
behavior is motivated by unconscious
inner forces over which the individual
has little control. |
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Term
| The Behavioral Perspective |
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Definition
The
approach that suggests that
observable, measurable behavior
should be the focus of study. |
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Term
| The Cognitive Perspective |
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Definition
The approach
that focuses on how people think,
understand, and know about the world. |
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Term
| The Humanistic Perspective |
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Definition
The
approach that suggests that all
individuals naturally strive to grow,
develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior. |
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Term
| Five Major Perspectives of Psychology |
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Definition
1. Neuroscience Perspective
2. Behavioral Perspective
3. Cognitive Perspective
4. Humanistic Perspective
5. Psycho-dynamic Perspective |
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Term
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Definition
The idea that behavior is
caused primarily by choices that are
made freely by the individual |
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Term
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Definition
The idea that people’s
behavior is produced primarily by
factors outside of their willful control |
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Term
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Definition
The approach
through which psychologists
systematically acquire knowledge and
understanding about behavior and
other phenomena of interest.
1)Identifying questions of interest
2)Formulating an explanation
3)Carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation
4)Reporting the findings |
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Term
|
Definition
Broad explanations and
predictions concerning phenomena
of interest. |
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Term
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Definition
A prediction, stemming
from a theory, stated in a way that
allows it to be tested. |
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Term
|
Definition
A prediction, stemming
from a theory, stated in a way that
allows it to be tested. |
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Term
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Definition
The
translation of a hypothesis into
specific, testable procedures that can
be measured and observed. |
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Term
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Definition
the
translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures
that can be measured and observed. |
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Term
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Definition
An approach
to research designed to systematically
investigate a person, group, or patterns
of behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
Research in
which existing data, such as census
documents, college records, and
newspaper clippings, are examined
to test a hypothesis. |
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Term
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Definition
Research
in which an investigator simply
observes some naturally occurring
behavior and does not make a change
in the situation. |
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Term
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Definition
Research in
which people chosen to represent a
larger population are asked a series
of questions abut their behavior,
thoughts, or attitudes. |
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Term
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Definition
An in-depth, intensive
investigation of an individual or small
group of people. |
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Term
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Definition
are
behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can
change, or vary, in some way. |
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Term
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Definition
two sets of variables are
examined to determine whether they are associated, or
“correlated.” |
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Term
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Definition
The investigation
of the relationship between two
(or more) variables by deliberately
producing a change in one variable
in a situation and observing the effects
of that change on other aspects of the
situation. |
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Term
| Experimental Manipulation |
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Definition
The
change that an experimenter
deliberately produces in a situation. |
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Term
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Definition
The manipulation
implemented by the experimenter. |
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Term
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Definition
Any group
participating in an experiment that
receives a treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
A group participating
in an experiment that receives no
treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
The variable
that is manipulated by an experimenter. |
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Term
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Definition
The variable that
is measured and is expected to change
as a result of changes caused by the
experimenter’s manipulation of the
independent variable. |
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Term
| Random Assignment to Condition |
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Definition
A procedure in which participants are
assigned to different experimental
groups or “conditions” on the basis
of chance and chance alone. |
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Term
|
Definition
The repetition of research,
sometimes using other procedures,
settings, and groups of participants, to
increase confidence in prior findings. |
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Term
|
Definition
A document
signed by participants affirming that
they have been told the basic outlines
of the study and are aware of what their
participation will involve. |
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Term
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Definition
Factors that
distort how the independent variable
affects the dependent variable in an
experiment. |
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Term
|
Definition
A false treatment, such as
a pill, “drug,” or other substance,
without any significant chemical
properties or active ingredient. |
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Term
|
Definition
One of the key ethical principles followed by
psychologists is that of informed consent.
Participants must be informed, before participation,
about the basic outline of the experiment
and the risks and potential benefits of
their participation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes outward actions or reactions such as facial expressions or movement. Sometimes referred to as body language. |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal activities of our minds such as thinking, feeling or remembering |
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Term
| Four major goals of psychology |
|
Definition
| Description, explanation, prediction, control. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Medical Doctor who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Either an MD or a psychologist who has special training in the theories of Sigmund Freud |
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Term
| Psychiatric social workers |
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Definition
| May possess a masters degree, a license, or both. Professionals in the area of social work |
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Term
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Definition
| Have no medical training but have a doctorate degree. |
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Term
| Ethical Guidelines for experimental research |
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Definition
The rights and well-being of participants must be weighed against the study's scientific value
Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation
Deception on the part of the experimenter must be justified
Participators must be kept from and informed of any risks associated with the experiment
Data must remain confidential |
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Term
| Four Basic Criteria for Critical Thinking |
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Definition
1. There are very few truths that do not need to be subjected to testing
2. All evidence is not equal in quality
3. Just because someone is considered an expert does not mean that what he or she says is true.
4. Critical thinking requires an open mind |
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