Home > Flashcards > Sociology > Intro To Sociology Quiz #2

Details Title: Intro To Sociology Quiz #2 Description: quiz #2 Total Flash Cards: 56 Created: 10/23/2006 16:27:20	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term macro-level analysis Definition an examination of large-scale patterns of society Term micro-level analysis Definition an examination of small-scale patterns of society Term master status Definition a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies Term status set Definition all the statuses or positions that an individual occupies Term status inconsistency Definition ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others; also called status discrepancy Term group Definition people who have something in common and who believe that what they hae in common is significant; also called a social group Term dramaturgy Definition an approach pioneered by Erving Goffman in which social life is analyzed in terms of drama or the stage; also called dramatugical analysis Term status symbols Definition items used to identify a status Term achieved status Definition a position that is earned, is accomplished, or involces at least some effort or activity on the individual's part Term ascribed status Definition a position that an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life Term Gemeinschaft Definition a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness Term Gesellschaft Definition a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest Term social construction of reality Definition the use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real Term ethnomethodology Definition the study of how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life Term role conflict Definition conflicts that someone feels 'between' roles because the expectations attached to one role are incompatible with the expectations of another role Term role strain Definition conflicts that someone feels 'within' a role Term face-saving behavior Definition techniques used to salvage a performance that is going sour Term impression management Definition people's efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them Term teamwork Definition the collaboration of two or more people to manage impressions jointly Term Thomas theorem Definition William I. and Dorothy S. Thomas' classic formulation of the definition of the situation: "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences" Term mechanical solidarity Definition Durkheim's term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks Term organic solidarity Definition Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; people needing others to fulfill their jobs Term primary group Definition a group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation Term secondary group Definition compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity, whose members are likely to interact on the bases of specific roles Term reference group Definition Herbert Hyman's term for the groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves Term voluntary associations Definition a group of people who voluntarily organize on the basis of some mutual interest; also known as voluntary memberships Term iron law of oligarchy Definition Robert Michels' term for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite Term social network Definition the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together Term bureaucracy Definition a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor; emphasis on written rules, communications, and records; and impersonality of positions Term (the) rationalization of society Definition a widespread acceptance of rationality (using measured, efficient means to reach objectives) and social organizations that are built largely around this idea Term corporate culture Definition the orientations that characterize corporate work settings Term in-groups Definition groups toward which one feels loyalty Term out-groups Definition groups toward which one feels antagonism Term alienation Definition 1. Marx's term for workers' lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by heir being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product- this leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness 2. refers to feelings of isolation, that you are not a part of something or that no one cares about you Term electronic community Definition individuals who interact regularly with one another on the Internet and who think of themselves as belonging together Term Max Weber Definition declared that sociology should be value-free. sociologists' values should not affect research Term leadership styles Definition ways in which people express their leadership Term groupthink Definition Irving Janis' term for a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer, in which to even suggest alternatives becomes a sign of disloyalty Term goal displacement Definition the adoption of new goals by an organization; also known as goal replacement Term the McDonaldization of society Definition the process by which ordinary aspects of life become rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation Term deviance Definition the violation of rules or norms Term stigma Definition "blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity Term social order Definition a group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they orientate their lives Term criminal justice system Definition the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime Term street crime Definition crimes such as mugging, rape, and burglary Term white-collar crime Definition Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; examples include bribery of public officials, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertising, and price fixing Term illegitimate opportunity structure Definition opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life Term institutionalized means Definition approved ways of reaching cultural goals Term control theory Definition the idea that two control systems- inner controls and outer controls- work against our tendencies to deviate from norms Term labeling theory Definition the view, developed by symbolic interactionists, that the labels people are given affect their own and others' peceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior either into deviance or into conformity Term differential association Definition Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that associating with some groups results in learning an "excess of definitions" of deviance and, by extension, in a greater likelihood that one will become deviant Term corporate crime Definition crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation Term hate crime Definition crimes to which more severe penalties are attached because they are motivated by hatred (dislike, hostility) of someone's race-ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, disavility, or national origin Term recidivism rate Definition the proportion of released convicts who are rearrested Term social control Definition a group's formal and informal means of enforrcing its norms Term medicalization of deviance Definition to make deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illnes that needs to be treated by physicians