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| the sociological perspective |
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Definition
stresses the social contexts in which people live and how it influences their lives...
Functionalist
Conflict
Symbolic Interactionist |
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| a group of people who share a culture and a territory |
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| corners in life that people occupy because of where they are located in society |
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interested in how society functions
thinks of society as a human body and how everything works together
(Macro-study) |
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inequality of any kind is a problem. people are in competition for scarce resources
(Macro-study) |
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interested in social norms. society is nothing more than the sum of interactions
(Micro-study) |
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idea of applying scientific method to the social world.
proposed by Auguste Comte |
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proposed positivism.
also asked "What creates social order instead of chaos?" |
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believed that societies evolved from lower (barbaric) to higher (civilized) forms
'Survival of the Fittest' |
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| believed engine of human history is class conflict between bourgeoisie and the proletariat classes |
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goal was to get sociology recognized as a separate discipline.
believed in social integration |
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| the degree to which people are tied to their social group |
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| believed/theorized that religion is central force in social change |
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| a feeling of trust that is essential for honest answers in interviews. |
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| a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study |
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| the extent to which research produces reliable (consistent or dependable) results |
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Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations.
Belief that a group's material culture usually changes first, with the nonmaterial cuture lagging behind |
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| the process by which cultures become similar to one another; especially the process by which U.S. culture is being exported and diffused into other nations |
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| tools and the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools |
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| groups of people learning from others and adapting some part of the other's way of life. |
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| a society that is made up of many different groups |
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| values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other |
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| the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world |
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| a group whose values, beliefs, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture |
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| the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life |
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| not judging a culture, but trying to understand it on its own terms |
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| expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms |
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| norms that are not strictly enforced |
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| norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought to be essential to core values or the well-being of the group |
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| a norm so strong that it often brings revulsion if violated |
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Edward Sapir's and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving.
Against common sense that objects force themselves on our conciousness, but that language does. |
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| a tendency to use our own group's ways of doing things as the yardstick for judging others |
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| the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry |
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also called symbolic culture
a group's ways of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction) |
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| a place in which people are cut off from the rest of society and are almost totally controlled by the officials who run the place |
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| people or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations toward life |
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| the stages of our life as we move from birth to death |
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| the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors |
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| Piaget and the Development of Reasoning |
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1. The sensorimotor stage
2. the preoperational stage
3. the concrete operational stage
4. the formal operational stage |
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| refers to values, norms, and goals that a group considers ideal, worth aspiring to |
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| norms and values that people actually follow |
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