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| The process by which receptors respond to stimuli in the environment, such as light in the eye, sound in the ears. |
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| When charged particles flow through the receptor membrane and change the electrical charge across the membrane. |
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| The senses' preservation relevant information about the physical stimuli to which they are responding. |
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| Chemical substance that is released by an animal and acts on other members of the species to promote some specific behavioral or physiological response. |
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| The sensitive terminals of pain neurons, which are thinner than other neurons from the skin. |
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Two general typles:
1. C fibers - thin,, unmyelinated, and slow-conducting. Responds to all pain stimuli.
2. A-delta fibers - thicker, myelinated, and faster-conducting. Some respond to strong pressure, some to temperature extremes. |
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1. Somatosensory cortex - sensory component: pain quality, location, intensity.
2. Areas of limbic system - primary emotional and motivation: desire to escape.
3. Prefrontal cortex - secondary emotional and motivation: suffering, worry about the future. |
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| Experience of pain can increase or decrease by opening or closing a neural "gate". |
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| Decreased pain sensitivity that accompanies highly stressful situations. Depends on the release of endorphins. |
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Dramatic reduction in pain can also be produced by the power of belief or faith.
e.g. placebo effect |
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| The floor of the inner duct of the inner ear on which hair cells (receptors) are located. |
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| The coil in teh inner ear where transduction takes place. Has a outer duct, and a fluid-filled inner duct. |
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| When ossicles of middle ear cannot carry sounds inward. Can be helped with a conventional hearing aid. |
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Occurs from damage to teh cochlea, the hair cells, or auditory neurons.
Can be helped with a cochlear implant. |
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| The ability of one sound to mask another. Low frenquency mask high frequency sounds more (pitch). |
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| Each neuron is maximally responsive to sounds of a particular frequency, and the neurons are systematically arranged by frequency. |
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| The individual vowel and consonant sounds that make up words. |
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| Study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli and the sensory experiences produced. |
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| The magnitude of the sensory experience of a stimulus is directly proportional to the logarithm of the physical magnitude of the stimulus. |
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| The magnitude of a sensation is directly proportional to the magnitude of the physical stimulus raised by a constant power. |
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