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Definition
| A synapse where the transmitter opens sodium channels (positively charged ions). |
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Definition
| A synapse where the transmitter opens either chloride or potassium channels (negatively charged ions). |
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Definition
| Transmitters that alter the cell in long-lasting ways. |
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Definition
Slow-acting transmitters. Large molecules consisting of chains of amino acides.
e.g. endorphins (reduce pain)
biogenic amines: dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin. |
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Definition
A cluster of cell bodies in the CNS.
Gray matter. |
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Definition
A bundle of axons that course together from one nucleus to another.
White matter. |
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Term
| Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) |
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Definition
New way to localize functions in the human brain.
Magnetic field from copper coil passes through the scalp and skull and induces electric current in neurons immediately blow. Produces a small area of damage to brain, but is reversible. |
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Term
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
| Detects electrical chatter produced by the brain's neurons. Can only detect activity near the surface. |
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| Positron emission tomography (PET) |
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Definition
Neuroimaging.
Inject radioactive substance into blood and measure radioactivity in different areas. |
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Term
| Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
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Definition
| Creates a magnetic field around head, causing hemoglobin to give off radio waves of a certain frequency. |
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Definition
| The set of sensations that derive from teh whole body as opposed to those that come just from the special sensory organs of the head. |
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Definition
Autonomic system.
Prepares the body for possible "fight or flight" |
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Definition
Autonomic system.
Regenerative, growth-promoting, and energy-conserving function. Opposite of the sympathetic division. |
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Definition
Includes the medulla, pons, and midbrain.
More elaborate than the spinal cord.
Reflexes such as postural, vital (breathing, heart rate), species-typical movement patterns (eating, drinking, copulating). |
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Definition
Directly atop the brainstem.
The relay station that connects various parts of the brain together. |
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Definition
In charge of rapid, well-timed sequences of muscle movements.
Feed-forward manner - uses sensory info to time movement before it is made.
e.g. playing a musical instrument |
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Term
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Definition
Lies on each side of the thalamus.
In charge of coordinating slow, deliberate movements, such as walking or picking up an object.
Feedback manner - sensory input feeds back adn is used to adjust the movement as it progresses. |
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Definition
contains: amygdala and hippocampus
Regulation of basic drives adn emotions.
Believed to evolve from olfactory input (sense of smell). |
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Definition
| Regulates the internal environment of the body. 1. influences the autonomic nervous sytem 2. controlls the release of certain hormones 3. affects certain drive states, such as hunger and thirst. |
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Definition
Includes the occipital (back), temporal (bottom), parietal (top), and frontal (front) lobes.
The primary motor area and primary somatosensory area between the frontal and parietal lobes. The primary auditory area at the top of the temporal lobe.
Association areas - anywhere other than the primary sensory or motor areas. |
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Term
| Principle of topographic organization |
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Definition
| Adjacent neurons int eh primary sensory and motor areas receive signals from or send signals to adjacent portions of the tissue to which they are ultimately connected to. |
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Definition
Chooses the specific movement or pattern of movements to be made at a given time.
Lies directly in front of the primary motor area. |
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Definition
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| Left-hemisphere interpreter |
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Definition
| The left-hemisphere generates speech which is connected to making stores/reasons. |
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Definition
| Any loss of language ability resulting from brain damage. |
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Definition
Broca's area - an area of the left frontal lobe just anterior to the primary motor area. Crucial for articulating words in a fluent manner, and transforming complex sentences that are heard into simpler ones to understand.
Broca's aphasia - non-fluent aphasia, lack of grammar, but coherent idea. |
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Definition
Wernicke's area - an area of teh left temporal lobe. Crucial in translating words into their meanings, and meanings into the right words.
Wernicke's aphasia - fluent aphasia, inability to come up with correct names of objects and actions leads to heavy use of pronouns and nonsense words. |
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Term
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Definition
1949
Theorized that some synapses in teh brain grow stronger whenever the post-synaptic neuron fires immediately after the pre-synaptic neuron fires.
Long-term potentiation (LTP) |
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Term
| Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) |
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Definition
A process by which repeated activation of synapses results in strengthening of those synapses.
A basis for learning.
e.g. Doogie experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
Tsien and colleagues produced a strain fo mice, named "Doogie", that had more strong post-synaptic receptors than do normal mice.
Result: Doogie mice showed more LTP in response to electrical stimulation, and showed better memory.
LTP is a basis for learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical messengers secreted into the blood. They act on specific target tissues. The classic hormones are secreted by the endocrine glands. |
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Term
| Difference between hormones and neurotransmitters |
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Definition
Hormones must travel some distance to reach its destination while neurotransmitters are released are released right next to the cell it is to act upon.
Norepinephrine can be both.
Neurohormones - chemicals produced by neurons and released from axon terminals in response to action potentials, but are into a bed of capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| The master endocrine gland. Produces hormones that stimulate the production of other hormones in other glands. |
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