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| A decline in the magnitude of a reflexive response when stimulus is repeated several times in succession. |
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1849-1936
Classical conditioning study of digestive reflexes in dogs. Signals that regularly preceded food alerts of the upcoming stimulation and causes them to salivate. |
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| In classical conditioning, the gradual disappearance of a conditioned reflex that results when a conditioned stimulus occurs repeatedly w/o the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| The passage of time following extinction can partially renew the conditioned reflex. |
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Focus on the relationship between stimuli and responses to them.
Founded by John B. Watson |
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1913
Inspired by Pavlov's classical conditioning.
Show that fear can be conditioned in humans. Conditioned a baby to fear laboratory rats by producing a loud sound with the appearance of the rat. |
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| A learning process by which the effect of a response affects the future rate of production of that response. |
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1898
Operant Conditioning
Puzzle-Box Procedure: cats learn to pull loop to open door in order to reach food after conditioning.
Law of effect |
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Definition
Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation.
Thorndike (1898) |
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Behaviorist (1930)
Used a cage (Skinner box) with a lever that the animal can operate to produce a reinforcer (reward). |
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When a particular response only sometimes produces a reinforcer.
e.g. fixed-ratio schedule, variable-ration, fixed-interval, or variable-interval. |
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Definition
| When the removal of some stimulus following a response makes the resonse more likelly to recur. As opposed to positive reinforcement, which follows the arrival of the stimulus. |
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Definition
The process through which the consequence of a response decreases the likelihood that it will recur.
Negative or positive. |
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| A cue signaling the availability of a reinforcer. Sets the occasion for responding, rather than reflexively eliciting the response. |
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A rule for categorizing stimuli into groups.
e.g. pigeons' tree concept that guide decision whether or not to peck for food. |
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| Negative/Positive contrast effect |
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Definition
| Drop from strong to weak reinforcer produces a dramatically slower response, and vise versa. |
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Definition
| When an activity initiallly enjoyed for its own sake is rewarded externally, and then reward is removed, performance of the task drops. |
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Definition
Learning that is not immediately demonstrated in the animal's behavior.
e.g. exploring the environment. |
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