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Intro to Psychology
Test 2 Material
79
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/27/2009

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Cards

Term
What is INFORMATION PROCESSING STEP #1
Definition

ENCODING

(getting info into the system)

Term
What is INFORMATION PROCESSING STEP #2
Definition
STORAGE
(sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory)
Term
What is INFORMATION PROCESSING STEP #3
Definition
RETRIEVAL
(retrieving stored info)
Term
What are the three steps of INFORMATION PROCESSING?
Definition
ENCODING
STORAGE
RETRIEVAL
Term
The tendency to remember information at the BEGINNING of a set is called what?
Definition
THE PRIMARY EFFECT
Term
The tendency to remember information at the END of a set is called what?
Definition
RECENCY EFFECT
Term
What are the TWO causes of FORGETTING INFORMATION?
Definition
DECAY
INTERFERENCE
Term
What is DECAY?
Definition
DECAY is the fading of memories over time.
Term
What is INTERFERENCE?
Definition
INTERFERENCE is when other items in storage are confused with what is trying to be recalled.
Term
What are the TWO types of INTERFERENCE?
Definition
PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
Term
What is PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE?
Definition
PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE is when PREVIOUSLY STORED memories interfere with new information
Term
What is RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE?
Definition
RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE is when new information INTERFERES WITH RECALL of PREVIOUSLY learned information.
Term
how do bee's communicate?
Definition
dancing
Term
what does bee's dancing communicate
Definition
distance and direction
Term
why do vervet monkeys communicate and what do they communicate
Definition
to warn others of predetors, and different preditors have different calls
Term
what are the five properties of human language?
Definition
communicative, arbitrary, structured at multiple levels, produce new utterances, dynamic
Term
PROPERTIES OF HUMAN LANGUAGE
what does communicative mean
Definition
language must communicate a meaning
Term
PROPERTIES OF HUMAN LANGUAGE
what does arbitrarily symbolic mean?
Definition
words represent concepts such as four legged felines being called cat (association)
Term
PROPERTIES OF HUMAN LANGUAGE
what does dynamic mean?
Definition
always changing
Term
PROPERTIES OF HUMAN LANGUAGE
what does it mean to produce novel utterances?
Definition
using arbitrary language, you can say words in an order that has never been said before, that can convey meaning.
novel=new
Term
what are the parts and levels of human communication?
Definition
phonemes,morphemes
Term
what is a phoneme?
Definition
phonemes are the basic components of language (/b/ in brain, /th/ in thigh)
Term
phonemes are formed with which parts of the anatomy?
Definition
lips, tongue, vocal chords
Term
what is a morpheme?
Definition
a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of human language
Term
what is a retrieval cue
Definition
a retrieval cue is the pathway to a specific memory, a/i a question being asked is the retrieval cue to a specific memory
Term
what are the two methods of retrieval?
Definition
recall and recognition
Term
RETRIEVAL PROCESSES
what is recall?
Definition
recall is the process of producing material on your own
Term
RETRIEVAL PROCESSES
what is recognition?
Definition
recognition is a retrieval process in which material acts as a cue
Term
RETRIEVAL PROCESSES
what is an example of recognition?
Definition
multiple choice (multiple guess)
Term
RETRIEVAL PROCESSES
what is an example of recall?
Definition
essay, short answer
Term
RETRIEVAL PROCESSES
which of the two retrieval processes are more difficult and why?
Definition
recall because you need a deeper association with a memory to recall it without material acting as a cue.
Term
what is the retrieval practice effect also known as?
Definition
testing effect
Term
what were the results of the retrieval practice effect?
Definition
test taking involves retrieval from LTM, test taking improves memory at a greater rate that re-reading material.
Term
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL AND ENCODING
what is a mnemonic?
Definition
a mnemonic is a strategy for remembering information that involves encoding and recal
Term
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL AND ENCODING
what are the two types of mnemonic devices?
Definition
acronyms and acrostics
Term
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL AND ENCODING
how does an acronym work?
Definition
letters stand for words
Term
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL AND ENCODING
how does an acrostic work?
Definition
first letter of each word is represented by another word and used in a sentence
a/i "every good boy does fine" (e g b d f)
Term
what are the two views of sleep
Definition
conserve and restore, memory consolidation.
Term
what experiment did karni do?
Definition
sleep to learn
Term
what level of sleep do you dream in?
Definition
REM
Term
what is activation-synthesis hypothesis
Definition
dreams reflect whatever part of your brain that is activated.
Term
Ebbinghaus' Study of 1885
Definition

Experiment: created a list of nonsense words and learned them

Purpose: to find out how things are lost from memory.

Term

 

Chase & Ericsson

Definition

cognitive psychologists who had participants SF and DD recall 80+ digits.

Results: a really good memory causes pepole to not understand the material

Term

Atkinson & Shiffrin's

Modal Model

Definition

model explains how memory works

(stimulus->sensory registers->STM-->LTM)

*study from notes

Term
Sensory Memory
Definition
different sensory memory for each sense allows us to maintain a continuous vision
Term

Iconic Memory

(vision)

Definition

Capacity = large

Duration = short

(a part of sensory memory)

Term

Change "blindness"

(a part of STM)

Definition

inability to notice changes from one scene to the next

(can't detect bc duration is too short)

Term
Which has a more limited capacity, iconic memory or STM?
Definition
STM
Term
Chunking and STM
Definition

can remember more info if it is chunked

i.e. telephone #s

Miller(1956) determined STM capacity is 7 +- 2

Term
What are the 2 contrasting views of language?
Definition

1) General Cognitive Ability View

 

2) Innate Linguistic Ability View

Term
1) General Cognitive Ability View
Definition

- language is a tool we've developed bc of our evolved brains

- requires exposure and experience

Term
2) Innate Linguistic Ability View
Definition

- we were born with special areas for acquiring and processing language

- exposure is not required

Term
5 Steps in Language Development
Definition

Pre-step: crying

1) Cooing

2) Babbling

3) One-word utterances

4) 2/3-word utterances

5) Basic Adult Language

Term
Step 1) Cooing
Definition

- 1 to 2 mos

- produces all possible sounds of language

Term
Step 2) Babbling
Definition

- by 6 mos old

- begins to make phenomes

Term
Step 3) One-word utterances
Definition

- 1 year olds

- each word can mean diff things

   i.e. "mama" can mean "i'm hungry"or "i want to be held"

Term
Step 4) multiple-word utterances
Definition

- 18-24 mos

- "primitive grammar"

- results in Over-extension and Over-regularization

Term

* Over-extension:

 

**Over-regularization:

Definition

* uses single words to cover many things

**misapplying grammatical rules like verb tenses

Term
Step 5) Basic Adult Language
Definition

- by age 6

- children have near adult command of language

- vocabulary still continues to grow

Term
Cones vs Rods
Definition

cones: located in fovea, low sensitivity to light, color, high acuity

rods: more adundant, located in periphery, high light sensitivity, no color, low acuity

Term
Proximal vs Distal Stimulus
Definition

Proximal: input to sense organs, how we THINK things are

Distal: how objects are in the real world

Term
Transduction
Definition

to create a neural stimulus from a physical stimulus

i.e. chemicals dissolve in saliva(taste), phtons of light hit the retina(vision)

Term
Johannes Miller
Definition
different sensory qualities are caused by different neural structures
Term
Reasons for Differences in Perception
Definition

1) Cultures differ

2) Individual histories differ

Term
2 Systems in Vision
Definition

1) Vestibular System - ear canal

2) The Eye

     - focuses (cornea and lens)

     - transduction (photoreceptors)

     - processing streams (dorsal and ventral)

Term

Processing Streams:

Dorsal and Ventral

Definition

Dorsal stream: sends info like location of objects and movement

Ventral Stream: sends info like colors and shapes

Term
Pritchard (1960)
Definition

*Nasty Contact Lens Study

- results suggest that humans have feature detectors- we can see edges

Term
Perceptual Constancy
Definition

we perceive objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change

*shape, size, color, brightness

Term

Gestalt Psychology

 

Definition

*the whole is more than the sum of the parts

*perception makes assumptions about the world when interpreting features

i.e. "light from above" assumption 

Term
William James definition of psychology
Definition
"the description and explanation of states of consciousness"
Term
2 aspects of consciousness
Definition

1) we monitor ourselves and our external envirionment so we can be aware of certain things

2) we control ourselves (start/stop behavior based on goals and plans)

Term
Freud's View of Consciousness
Definition

- Conscious processes (iceberg theory)

- Preconscious processes (can become conscious)

- Unconscious processes (can't become conscious-too painful)

Term

Cognitive Unconscious

(modern view)

Definition

some mental systems operate on an unconscious level

i.e. we don't have to think about tasting/feeling

Term
Ophir's experiment
Definition

*list of red/green numbers/leters

* proved that multitaskers are not better at task switching

Term
Circadian Rhythm
Definition

daily schedule of waking and sleeping

*body clock and other biological factors (body temp, hormonal secretions)

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