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| The age-related physical, intellectual, social, and personal changes that occur throughout an individual's lifetime |
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| The fertilize human egg, containing 23 chromosomes from the father and 23 from the mother |
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| The period in prenatal development from conception to implantation of the fertilized egg in the wall of the uterus |
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| The period of prenatal development lasting from implantation to the end of the eighth week |
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| The period of prenatal development lasting from the end of the eighth week until birth |
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| Environmental agents- such as disease organism or drugs- that can potentially damage the developing embryo or fetus |
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| The period during which a person reaches sexual maturity and is potentially capable of producing offspring |
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| The period during which a woman's menstrual cycle slows down and finally stops |
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| Physically based losses in mental functioning |
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| A research design in which the same people are studied or tested repeatedly over time |
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| A research design in which people of different ages are compared at the same time |
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| The decline in responsiveness to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented |
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| Mental models of the world that we use to guide and interpret our experiences |
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| The process through which we fit- or assimilate- new experiences into our existing schemata |
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| The process through which we change or modify existing schemata to accommodate new experiences |
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| Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to about two years of age; schemata revolve around sensory and motor abilities |
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| The ability to recognize that objects still exist when they're no longer in sight |
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| Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, lasting from ages 2 to 7; children begin to think symbolically but often lack the ability to perform mental operations such as conservation |
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| Principle of Conservation |
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| The ability to recognize that the physical properties of an object remain the same despite superficial changes in the object's appearance |
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| The tendency to see the world from one's own unique perspective only; a characteristic of thinking in the preoperational period of development |
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| Concrete Operational Period |
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| Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, lasting from ages 7 to 11. Children acquire the capacity to perform a number of mental operations but still lack the ability for abstract reasoning. |
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| Formal Operational Period |
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| Piaget's last stage of cognitive development; thought processes become adultlike, and people gain mastery over abstract thinking |
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| The ability to distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate actions |
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| In Kohlberg's theory, the lowest level of moral development, in which decisions about right and wrong are made primarily in terms of external consequences |
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| In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the stage in which actions are judged to be right and wrong based on whether they maintain or disrupt the social order |
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| Kohlberg's highest level of moral development, in which actions are judged on the basis of a personal code of ethics that is general and abstract and may not agree with societal terms |
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| Strong emotional ties formed to one or more intimate companions |
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| A child's general level of emotional reactivity |
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| Gradually subjecting a child to a stressful situation and observing how they behave towards their caregiver. This test is used to classify children according to their type of attachment-secure, resistant, avoidant, or disorganized/ disoriented |
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| A sense of who one is as an individual and how well one measures up against peers |
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| Specific patterns of behavior that are consistent with how society dictates males and females should act |
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| Discrimination or prejudice against an individual based on physical age |
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