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Intro to Psych
Learning
39
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/12/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Association
Definition
process by which two pieces of info from the environment are repeatedly linked so that we begin to connect them in our minds
Term
COnditioning
Definition
a form of associative learning in which behaviors are triggered by association w/ events in the environment
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated w/ a stimulus to which one has an automatic, inborn response
Term
Unconditioned response
Definition
the automatic, inborn reaction to a stimulus
Term
Unconditioned stimulus
Definition
the environmental input that always produces the same unlearned response
Term
Conditioned stimulus
Definition
a previously neutral input that an organism learns to associate w/ the UCS
Term
Conditioned response
Definition
a behavior that an organism learns to perform when presented w/ the CS
Term
Stimulus discrimination
Definition
restriction of a CR (such as salivation) to the exact CS to which it was conditioned
Term
Stimulus Generalization
Definition
extension of the association b/w UCS and CS to include a broad array of similar stimuli
Term
Extinction
Definition
the weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response, which occurs when the UCS is no longer paired w/ the CS
Term
Spontaneous
Definition
the sudden reappearance of and extinguished response
Term
Law of Effect
Definition
the consequences of a behavior increase (or decrease) the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
Term
Operant condtioning
Definition
the process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior
Term
Behavior modification
Definition
the application of operant conditioning principles to change behavior
Term
Reinforcer
Definition
an internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior
Term
Primary reinforcers
Definition
innate, unlearned reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (such as food, water, or sex)
Term
Secondary reinforcer
Definition
reinforcers that are learned by association, usually via classical conditioning
Term
Positive/Negative reinforcement
Definition
Positive reinforcement- the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur

Negative reinforcement- removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior
Term
Punishment
Definition
stimulus, presented after a behavior, that decreases the frequency of the behavior
Term
Positive/Negative Punishment
Definition
Positive punishment- the addition of a stimulus that decreases behavior

Negative punishment- the removal of a stimulus to decrease a behavior
Term
Skinner box
Definition
simple chamber used for operant conditioning of small animals
Term
Shaping
Definition
the reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior
Term
Continuous reinforcement
Definition
reinforcement of a behavior every time it occurs
Term
Intermittent reinforcement
Definition
reinforcement of a behavior—but not after every response
Term
Schedules of reinforcement
Definition
patterns of reinforcement distinguished by whether reinforcement occurs after a certain amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement
Term
Fixed ratio schedule
Definition
pattern of intermittent reinforcement follows a set number of responses
Term
Variable ratio schedule
Definition
pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes
Term
Fixed interval schedule
Definition
pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are always reinforced after a set period of time has passed
Term
Variable interval schedule
Definition
pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed
Term
Instinctive drift
Definition
learned behavior that shifts instinctive unlearned behavior tendencies
Term
Biological constraint model
Definition
view on learning proposing that some behaviors are inherently more likely to be learned than others
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later, when reinforcement occurs
Term
COnditioned taste aversion
Definition
the learned avoidance of a particular taste or food
Term
Enactive learning
Definition
learning by doing
Term
Observational learning
Definition
learning by watching the behavior of others
Term
Social learning theory
Definition
a description of the kind of learning that occurs when we model or imitate the behavior of others
Term
Modeling
Definition
the imitation of behaviors performed by others
Term
Imprinting
Definition
the rapid innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth
Term
Ethology
Definition
the scientific study of animal behavior
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