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Definition
| scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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-experimental
-research-based |
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| what/why people do things |
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| how/what influences cognition |
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| three greek philosophers that influenced psych |
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| concentration of greek philosophers |
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-consciousness
-rationality
-free will |
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-innate
-humans enter the world with an inborn store of knowledge and understanding of reality |
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-experience
-knowledge is acquired thru experience and interactions with the world |
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-blank slate
-john locke
-nurture view |
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-studied senses
-opened first psych lab
-started with perception & sensory
-relied on introspection |
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| observing & recording nautre of one's own perspections, thoughts, & feelings |
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-E.B Titchener
-mental structures
-structure of brain
-operation of brain |
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-william james
-to find how organism adpats to its environment
-use of sructure to help people interact |
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| structuralism & functionalism |
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| science of conscious experience |
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-john b. watson
-B.F sinner
-all behavior is a result of conditioning
-environment shapes behavior by reinforcing specific habits
-nurture
-reward & punishment |
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| relationship between behavior & consciousness |
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-behavior is public
-consciousness is private |
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-german for "form" or "configuration"
-max wertheimer
-kurt koffa
-wolfgang kohler
-mental interpretaion of environment
-focus: perception of 1. form 2. motion. 3. size 4. color |
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-sigmund freud
-unconscious influences peoples actions |
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thoughts, attitudes, impulses, wishes, emotions we are unware of
:influences our actions |
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| contemperary perspectives |
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Definition
biological
behavioral
cognitive
psychoanalytic
subjectivist |
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Definition
-brain process
-emotions stimulated by hormones
-start of memory
-brains influence with our actions |
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| -observable stimuli and responses thru conditioning/reinforcement |
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-concerned with mental processes such as perceiving, remembering, reasoning, deciding, problem solving
-memory
-how environment effects cognition & action |
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-impulses that are forbidden/punished by parents/society during childhood are derived from innate instincts and pushed to unconsciousness
-study behavior skewed from unconsciousness
-behavior we are not aware of
-beliefs
-desires |
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-human behavior is a function of the perceived world, not the objective world
-to understand human social behavior we must understand the person's own definition of the situation |
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experiment
behavior
congition
-the study of behavior and mental processes |
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| theory -> hypothesis -> observation |
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1) start with a theory
2) generate a hypothesis
3) test a hypothesis
4) revise your hypothesis/theory |
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-statement that can be tested
-specific idea of how you can test a theory
-educated guess |
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-questions/phenomenon
-keep general |
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| -do not favor one hypothesis over another |
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-other researchers can repeat the observations and obtain the same results
-regeneratable |
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-investigator takes measurements under controlled conditions
-strongest measure of cause and effect |
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things we want to study
1. independent
2. dependent |
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| the experimenter controls |
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-hypothesize effect
-the outcome variable
-results |
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| the more variables the harder it is to pinpoint cause/effect |
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| -in an experiment, this group receives treatment |
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-comparison group
-used as a baseline against which the experimental group is compared |
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| -ea. participant has an equal probability of being placed in any group |
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Ex: people do better on math problems if they were offered mroe money. Experimenter randomly assigns participants to 3 conditions
1)offer $10 2) offer $5 3) no $
Experimenter comapares scores with amount offer.
Name the variables |
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Definition
independent: amount offered
dependent: score on math problems |
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| order of research methods from high to low |
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Definition
ECOL
experiment
correlation
observation
literature review |
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Definition
-natural occurring relationships
-use tests to measure varibal
-cant determine cause and effect
-(-1,1) |
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-+1
-direct; as one goes up the other goes down |
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--1
-indirect; as one goes down the other goes up |
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| fault of correlation method |
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Definition
-does not determine cause or relationship
-does not account for other variables influencing relationship |
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| -watch how subjects behave in their environment |
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| if you are looking for a change/behavior, even if it is/is not there, you will find it |
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| social desirabilty effect |
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Definition
| people try to make themselves look good so they wont report honestly |
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Definition
| focus on one person's memory, life experience |
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| negative side of case histories |
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Definition
-since it relies on memory, it might not be accurate
-peoples memory changes with the change in personality |
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-summary of existing research
-meta-analysis: use statistical techniques |
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Definition
| -minimal risk: participants are exposed to as low risk as possible |
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