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Intro to Psych 102
Exam 3
128
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/06/2010

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Term
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
Definition
proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
Term
personality
Definition
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Term
The humanistic approach
Definition
personality is explained by our inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment.
Term
free association
Definition
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
Term
psychoanalysis
Definition
Freud’s theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist’s interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
Term
unconscious
Definition
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
Term
id
Definition
contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
Term
ego
Definition
the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
Term
superego
Definition
he part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
Term
psychosexual stages
Definition
the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
Term
Oral psychosexual stage
Definition
Pleasure centers on mouth, sucking biting, chewing 0-18 months
Term
Anal psychosexual stage
Definition
18-36 months pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
Term
Phallic psychosexual stage
Definition
3-6 years, pleasure zone is genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings . Failure to resolve, may result, in cockiness and sexual conquest in men, and femininity and manipulativeness in women
Term
Latency psychosexual stage
Definition
6 years to puberty dormant sexual feelings
Term
Genital psychosexual stage
Definition
from puberty on. Maturation of sexual interests
Term
Oedipus complex
Definition
according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Term
identification
Definition
the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
Term
fixate
Definition
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
Term
defense mechanisms
Definition
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Term
repression
Definition
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
Term
reaction formation
Definition
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. ex homoexuality becomes homophobia
Term
regression
Definition
psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
Term
projection
Definition
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
Term
rationalization
Definition
defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions.
Term
displacement
Definition
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
Term
denial
Definition
defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities
Term
Alfred Adler
Definition
Neo-freudian, argued that much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority, feelings that trigger our strivings for superiority and power
Term
Karen Horney
Definition
said childhood anxiety, caused by the dependent child’s sense of helplessness, triggers our desire for love and security. Horney countered Freud’s assumptions that women have weak superegos and suffer “penis envy,”
Term
collective unconscious
Definition
Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history
Term
projective test
Definition
a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
Term
hematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Definition
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Term
Rorschach inkblot test
Definition
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
Term
Modern unconscious mind
Definition
cooler information processing that occurs without our awareness
Term
false consensus effect
Definition
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.
Term
terror-management theory
Definition
a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
Term
self-actualization
Definition
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.
Term
unconditional positive regard
Definition
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance
Term
3 ways people nurture our growth according to Rogers
Definition
by being genuine, accepting, and empathetic
Term
self-concept
Definition
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?
Term
trait
Definition
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
Term
personality inventory
Definition
a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
Term
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Definition
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes
Term
empirically derived test
Definition
a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.
Term
Barnum effect
Definition
acceptance of stock, positive descriptions
Term
social-cognitive perspective
Definition
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.
Term
reciprocal determinism
Definition
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.
Term
personal control
Definition
a sense of controlling your environment rather than feeling helpless
Term
external locus of control
Definition
he perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
Term
internal locus of control
Definition
the perception that you control your own fate
Term
learned helplessness
Definition
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Term
positive psychology
Definition
the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
Term
self
Definition
n contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
Term
spotlight effect
Definition
overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
Term
medical model
Definition
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital
Term
anxiety disorders
Definition
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiet
Term
Generalized anxiety disorder
Definition
n anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
Term
Panic disorder
Definition
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Term
Phobias
Definition
in which a person feels irrationally and intensely afraid of a specific object or situation
Term
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Definition
n anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
Term
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Definition
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Term
post-traumatic growth
Definition
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
Term
Fear condition
Definition
stimulus generalization occurs, (IE a stressful experience) which causes a phobia, then there is reinforcment: avoiding that experience again
Term
Observational learning
Definition
learning fears by observing others
Term
somatoform disorder
Definition
psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause
Term
conversion disorder
Definition
a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found
Term
hypochondriasis
Definition
a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
Term
dissociative disorders
Definition
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
Term
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Definition
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder
Term
mood disorders
Definition
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder
Term
major depressive disorder
Definition
a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.
Term
mania
Definition
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
Term
bipolar disorder
Definition
a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
Term
norepinephrine
Definition
increases arousal and boosts mood
Term
schizophrenia
Definition
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
Term
delusions
Definition
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.
Term
personality disorders
Definition
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
Term
antisocial personality disorder
Definition
a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrong-doing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
Term
eclectic approach
Definition
an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
Term
psychotherapy
Definition
treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.
Term
resistance
Definition
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
Term
interpretation
Definition
in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
Term
transference
Definition
in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
Term
psychodynamic therapy
Definition
therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight
Term
insight therapies
Definition
variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses.
Term
client-centered therapy
Definition
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.
Term
active listening
Definition
mpathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy
Term
unconditional positive regard
Definition
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance.
Term
behavior therapy
Definition
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
Term
counterconditioning
Definition
a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
Term
exposure therapies
Definition
behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid
Term
systematic desensitization
Definition
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias
Term
virtual reality exposure therapy
Definition
An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.
Term
aversive conditioning
Definition
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
Term
token economy
Definition
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.
Term
cognitive therapy
Definition
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Term
cognitive-behavior therapy
Definition
a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Term
family therapy
Definition
therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.
Term
regression toward the mean
Definition
the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average
Term
meta-analysis
Definition
a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.
Term
evidence-based practice
Definition
clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.
Term
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
Definition
Alternative therapy where a patient thinks of a traumatic experience and move their eyes about rapidly in order to diminish anxiety
Term
Light Exposure Therapy
Definition
alternative therapy which gives people affected with SAD a timed daily dose of intense light.
Term
biomedical therapy
Definition
rescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient’s nervous system
Term
psychopharmacology
Definition
the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
Term
antipsychotic drugs
Definition
drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
Term
antianxiety drugs
Definition
drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
Term
antidepressant drugs
Definition
rugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters
Term
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Definition
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.
Term
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
Definition
the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.
Term
psychosurgery
Definition
urgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
Term
lobotomy
Definition
a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.
Term
Oral Passive
Definition
Optimistic, Dependent
on Others for Everything & Trusting
Term
Oral Sadistic
Definition
Aggressive, Pessimistic, Hostile, Argumentative & Sarcastic
Term
Anal Expulsive
Definition
Using People, Hostility, Sadism & Temper Tantrums.
Term
Anal Retentive
Definition
tubborn, Obstinate, Compulsive & Overly‐Conscientious.
Term
castration anxiety
Definition
Freud's theory that boys may develop fear of castration because of womens lack of penis. associated with oedipus complex
Term
Penis Envy
Definition
Sexual desire for father upon
realizing that he has a penis
Term
Sublimation
Definition
Refocusing threatening impulses toward more acceptable outlets. Sexual Energy > Artistic Creativity
Term
Four Humour Theory
Definition
personality is derived from the four vital humours: sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic, choleric
Term
Sanguine
Definition
Pleasant and cheerful, stems from an excess of blood.
Term
phlegmatic
Definition
lethargic and unemotional: stems from excess of phlegm
Term
Melancholic
Definition
Depressed and sad, stems from excess of black bile
Term
choleric
Definition
angry and short-tempered: stems from an excess of yellow bile
Term
Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator
Definition
sixteen types- Extraversion/Introversion –Sensing/Intuition –Thinking/Feeling –Judging/Perceiving
Term
Friedman Types
Definition
Type a: acheivment oriented, Impatient & Competitive.
Type B: relaxed, Patient, Creative, Imaginative & Reflective.
Term
Dysthymic Disorder
Definition
chronic mild depression, low energy levels, low self-esteem, problems sleeping and concentrating for more than 2 years
Term
Seasonal affective disorder sad
Definition
Mild depression in winter months when there is less sun
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