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| Definition of Psychology (textbook ) |
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Definition
textbook: study of behavior and mind
understand how and why people
1)act 2)think 3) feel the way they do |
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| Goal of Psychology (textbook) |
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| predict behavior so that we can improve how we think and act |
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| Definition of Psychology (Upton) |
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| scientific study of behavior of individuals and their mental processes |
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| tools/ techniques of science |
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Definition
1)observation
2)measurement
3)record keeping
4)experimentation |
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1)describe
2)explain
3)predict
4)control |
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-Era of mentalism
-Introspection
-scientific techniques for studying mental processes
-immediate conscious response experience
-chronomitry is still used (measures reaction time)
-rejected education, animal research |
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-era of mentalism
Structuralism
job of psychologist to 1) identify elements 2) discover how they relate
-analyize elements of sensations and feelings (4 tastes)
-systematic introspection
-self reported by trained individuals |
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-ear of mentalism
-functionalism
-understand mental processes by understanding goal or purpose of those processes
-stream of consciousness
-methods and scope of psyc
-influenced by darwin |
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| 2 different introspections |
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Definition
1) Wundt- present a simple stimulus, person tells immediate reaction
2)tichtener- present more complicated stimulus, get initial perceptions, then dissect each quality furhter |
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behaviorism
-cannot directly observe mental events
-focus on observable behavior in carefully controlled environments |
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-Observation- physical problems have osychological causes
-psychoanalysis- problems solved through insight
-memories outside of awareness
-developed in childhood
-pessimistic |
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mind is survival tool
-eclectic, amorphous, less coherent |
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life is motion so is mind
-william james |
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bruno was freudian psychiatrist
-believed people subject to unconscious mental forces of a sexual aggression or nature
-mom hates child, child picks up on it and turns autistic |
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Stumpf, Pfungst, Herr von Osten
morals:
1)if you have two theories that explain same thing, go with simpler one
2)experimenter effects
3)skeptisicm is good
4) importance of replication |
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| bad- denial of the existence of any basis for discovering truth or knowledge |
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1)naturalistic observation- observer does not interfere- watch out for reavtivity
2) case studies- single case- validity (is one person normal) verification (is person lieing)
3)surveys- provide insight on what people believe
-problems- obtaining good sample of participants, info isnt in-depth, inaccurate answers
4) correlation studies-measure measure |
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| seeking empirical evidence to support or disconfirm theory |
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| possibilities of research |
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1)cause and effect relationship between A and B and research allows to test of cause
2)predictive relationship between A and B, knowing A allows us to better predict b
3) casual relationship between A and B, but too difficult to figure out beyond that |
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| Independent vs. Dependent |
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Definition
| only work in true eperiment- researcher manipulates independent variable to see what effect that has on some dependent variable |
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| a change in behavior due to experience |
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| domains of classical conditioning |
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Definition
1)learned motor reflexes which are built upon innate motor reflexes
2)gut reactions, taste aversions
3)emotional reactions, phobias
4)sexual arousal cues
5)other physiological responses |
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Definition
skiiner- abc's
antecedent- situation where behavior occurs
behavior
consequence- follows the behavior could be reinforcing or punishing |
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| Determinism vs. Free Will |
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Definition
behaviorists pick determinism
you cant decide how a stimulus will make you react |
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| Acquisitonal Trial, Extinction Trial, Stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination |
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Definition
| yea... i dont feel like writing what they mean |
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| four paradigms of operant conditioning |
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Definition
postivie reinforcement
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
negative punishment |
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| inborn tendency to notice and respond to novel or suprising events |
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| decline in tendency to respond to an event that has become familiar through repeated response |
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| increased responsiveness or sensitivity to an even that has been repeated |
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| book def of classical conditioning |
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| set of procedures used to investigate how organisms learn about the signaling properties of events. Classical conditioning involves learning relations between stimuli that occur outside of one's control |
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| psycic secretions developed as a result of experience |
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US and UR relationship
CR and CS |
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Definition
| unconditioned stimulus automatically lead to responses called unconditioned responses |
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| second order conditioning |
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Definition
| procedure in wihch an established conditioned stimulus is used to condition a second neutral stimulus |
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| responding to a new stimulus in a way similar to the response produced by an established conditioned stimulus |
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| responding differently to a new stimulus than how one responds to an established conditioned stimulus |
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| presenting a conditioned stimulus repeatedly, after conditioning, without unconditioned stimulus, resultong in a loss of responding |
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| the recovery of an extinguished condition respnse after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus |
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| learning that an event signals the absence of the unconditioned stimulus |
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| book operant conditioning |
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| procedure for studying how organisms learn about the consequences of their own voluntary actions (instrumental conditioning) |
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| if a response in a particular situation is followed bt a satisfying consequence, it will be strengthened. If a response in a particular situation is followed by an unsatisfying consequence, it will be weakened |
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skinner
stimulus sitation that sets the occasion for a response to be followed by reinforcement or punishment |
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| positive /negative reinforcement |
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Definition
| response consequences that increase/decrease the likelihood of responding in a similar way again |
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| situation in which a response can reduce or eliminate an unpleasant stimulus, such as when a rat escapes an ongoing shock by jumping over barrier |
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| situation in which a response can prevent the delivery of an aversive stimulus, such as when a rat learns to jump over barrier to escape shock |
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| a stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through prior learning |
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punishment
postive/negative |
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Definition
consequences that decrease the liklihood of responding in a similar way again
an even that, when presented/removed after a response, lowers the liklihood of that response occuring again |
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| schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| rule that experimenter uses to determine when particular responses will be reinforced |
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| partial reinforcement schedule- four parts |
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Definition
| 1)fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed interval, variable interval |
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| schedule in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is fixed and does not change |
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| schedule in which a certain number of reponses are required for reinforcement but the number of required responses typically changes |
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| scedule in which the reinforcement is delivered for the first response that occurs following a fixed interval of time |
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| variable interval schedule |
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Definition
| schedule in which the alotted time bfore a response will yield reinforcement caries from trial to trial |
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