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600 BC - Greek philosopher
- life began in water
- early forms were simple
- simple forms began more complex forms over time
But believed a cylindrical earth and “vents” of fire. |
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Early 1600s
- Along with his scholars, he provided exact dates for all the various occurrences in the new Bible being translated for King James
- And thus proved to the King that the world was created on Tuesday, October 8, 4004 BC at 9:30 in the morning |
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- Conducted in 1953 by Stanley Miller with Harold Urey
- First experiment about evolution of prebiotic chemicals and the origin of life on Earth
- Mixed methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor into a 5-liter flask (simulate the Earth's primitive, reducing atmosphere)
- energized by an electrical discharge apparatus to represent ultraviolet radiation from the Sun
- products were allowed to condense and collect in a lower flask which modeled a body of water on the Earth's surface
- heat supplied to this flask recycled the water vapor just as water evaporates from lakes and seas, before moving into the atmosphere and condensing again as rain
after a day of continuous operation
a thin layer of hydrocarbons on the surface of the water
- after about a week of operation
a dark brown scum had collected in the lower flask and was found to contain several types of amino acids, including glycine and alanine, together with sugars, tars, and various other unidentified organic chemicals |
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| What geological epoch, period, and era are we in? |
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| Epoch: Holocene, Period: Quaternary, Era: Cenozoic |
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Early 1800s
- proposed "the inheritance of acquired characteristics." -by using or not using its body parts, an individual tends to develop certain characteristics, which it passes on to its offspring. (the giraffe's long neck reaching upward for leaves). |
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- Also known as irish elk
- Got too big of antlers, and thus to slow, and became extinct, bc of human predators. |
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- set sail on the H.M.S. Beagle (1831-1836) to survey the south seas (mainly South America and the Galapagos Islands) to collect plants and animals
- On the Galapagos Islands, Darwin observed species that lived no where else in the world
- Giant tortoises on Galapagos Islands
- The short neck is feeding from the grass, the one with the higher neck, not, dispersed to different islands.
- We can say Lamark influenced Charles Darwin a lot.
Wrote in 1859:
“On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”
- Two main conclusions:
Species were not created in their present form, but evolved from ancestral species.
Proposed a mechanism for evolution: NATURAL SELECTION |
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| Darwin's observations (4) |
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1. Most species produce more offspring than can be supported by the environment
2. Environmental resources are limited
3. Most populations are stable in size
4. Individuals vary greatly in their characteristics (phenotypes) |
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| Evidence of evolution (6) |
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1. Biogeography - Geographical distribution of species (species with different colors, sizes)
2. Fossil Record: Fossils and the order in which they appear in layers of sedimentary rock (strongest evidence)
3. Taxonomy-Classification of life forms.
4. Homologous structures-structures that are similar bc of common ancestry (comparative anatomy).
5. Comparative Embryology: Study of structures that appear during embryonic development
6. Molecular biology: DNA and proteins (amino acids) |
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Studied relative positions of sedimentary rocks (layering most obvious feature).
- Clearly formulated Law of Superposition - at any one location it indicates the relative ages of rock layers and the fossils in them. |
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| Acanthostega; Ichthyostega |
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| First animal to jump from water?; first animal walking on the land |
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| Four causes of evolution (4) |
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1. Mutation: (random chemical or structural changes in DNA) fundamental origin of all genetic (DNA) change.
- Caused by exposion to UV – actually a very powerful mutant agent. We can get cancer for example from the sun.
2. Genetic Drift: isolated populations accumulate different mutations over time. -Different environments–like in canaries different mutations spread differently.
3. Founder Effect: sampling bias during immigration. When a new population is formed, its genetic composition depends largely on the gene frequencies within the group of first settlers.
4. Natural Selection (Darwin's favorite): differential reproduction of individuals in the same population based on genetic differences among them. Individuals with favorable traits are more likely to leave more offspring better suited for their environment.
- With wolves only the alpha male and alpha female are reproducing – so each year they are getting better & better.
(These 4 interact synergistically.) |
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- Darwin's observed ancestral finch - show geographic variation which led him to suppose that all the Galapagos finches were descended from one ancestral finch.
- During the 1977 drought on the Galapagos islands, the beak size of the finch Geospiza fortis increased by 4%. Finches with larger beaks are able to feed on larger seeds, and these were more abundant than smaller ones during the drought. |
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| Process of Natural selection (in order, one leads to another) |
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1. Reproductive Ability (tendency for geometric increase in number) + Environmental Restrictions (Limited Resources)
2. Struggle for Existence (Competition) + Heritable Variations
3. Natural selection - persistence of adaptive traits + Environmental Changes
4. Evolution (Change in a trait) |
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| Modes of Action of natural selection |
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3 Modes (different results of selective pressure):
1. Stabilizing selection-Acts on extremes & favors intermediate
Ex. Optimum size of lizards somewhere is 700 grams. Smaller will be attacked easier. Larger will need more energy & won’t be able to move as fast.
2. Directional selection - Favors variants of one extreme.
Ex. The species is evolving & changing: this animal prefers to be bigger, more powerful (or vice versa).
3. Diversifying selection - Favors variants of opposite extremes (likes big and small animals, not medium size). |
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| Evidence of Natural Selection |
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Artificial Selection: The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by man.
Gold retriever & deutschound are the same species; but we have created these species by natural selection. |
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| Ancestor of Dog/scientific name |
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The wolf, canis lupus, is the ancestor of the dog - dog subspecies of gray wolf.
The alaskan malimute, or eskimo dog, is in between…?
Dog: Canis lupus familiaris |
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the variation in genetic composition od individuals within and among species.
(e.g. variation within a population of rabbits which is close, or like humans quite far genetically - cheetahs close because they went through a disease period where only a few couples were left) |
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The variety of different species found in an area (e.g. the variety of species found in a prairie)
- You have the river, mountain forest, tundra, then high mountain (from bottom to top). In these different systems, we’ll have different species. |
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| The variety of physical environments and biotic communities over a landscape. (e.g. the variety of forests, grasslands, wetlands, and aquatic systems over a region) |
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“Variation of life at all levels of biological organization"
- increases with specification
- decreases with extinction |
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| What causes changes in biodiversity? |
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| Give-and-take between speciation and extinction. |
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| Evolutionary opportunities for adaptive radiation of surviving species (i.e. mammals). |
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| Evolutionary opportunities for adaptive radiation of surviving species (i.e. mammals). |
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| where can the highest biodiversity be found? |
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| In ecuatorial, warm areas. Towards North America, Europe, fewer species, genetic diversity. |
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| Interpretations of specification |
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- Two theories:
1. Gradualist Model (Neo-Darwinian): Slow changes in Species of time
2. Punctuated Equilibrium: Evolution occurs in spurts of relatively rapid change
- According to Darwin's theory, both theories are valid #1 - without climate change, #2 - with? |
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- Emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced to new and diverse environments.
Example: Hawaiian Honeycreepers |
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- Emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced to new and diverse environments.
Example: Hawaiian Honeycreepers |
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- Species from different evolutionary branches may come to resemble one another if they live in very similar environments.
- Example:
1. Ostrich (Africa) and Emu (Australia).
2. Sidewinder (Mojave Desert) and Horned Viper (Middle East Desert) |
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| occurs when it ceases to exist. |
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| Species disappear at a low rate as local conditions change (i.e. mammoth) (little by little) |
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catastrophic, wide-spread events --> abrupt increase in extinction rate
Five mass extinctions in past 500 million years (i.e. dinosaurs) (by meteorite, for ex.) |
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| new species evolve during recovery period following mass extinction (i.e. mammals) |
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