Term
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Definition
Nearly simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces Long Term Potentiation much more strongly than does repeated stumulation by just one axon
(A property of Long Term Potentiation) |
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Term
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Definition
A type of leukocyte
Attacks tumor cells and cells that are infected with viruses. |
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Term
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Definition
Means "to shock throughout"
The decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons. |
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Term
| If axons from the retina were prevented from showing spontaneous activity during early development, what would be the probable effect on development of the lateral geniculate? |
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Definition
| Axons will attach, but will not be fine-tuned based on experience. Therefore, connections are less precise. |
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Term
| Damage to insula/insular cortex |
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Definition
| Not disgusted by gross food, doesnt recognize faces showing disgust, does not perceive retching sounds as unpleasant |
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Term
| How do people with Pre Frontal Cortex and amygdala damage perform in the Iowa Gambling Task? |
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Definition
| They show difficulties processing emotional information. No nervous tension from decks with high negative payout. They fail to anticipate unpleasantness of likely outcomes, which leads to bad decisions. |
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Term
| How do people with Pre Frontal Cortex and amygdala damage perform in the Iowa Gambling Task? |
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Definition
| They show difficulties processing emotional information. No nervous tension from decks with high negative payout. They fail to anticipate unpleasantness of likely outcomes, which leads to bad decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tried to teach a bonobo named Matata to press lit symbols which represented words. Matata's children learned from observation and performed much better at the task than Matata herself. |
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Term
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Definition
| People watch a screen or listen for a tune. When they see something or hear a tune, they are supposed to press a button as fast as possible. Sometimes another stimulus occurs a split second after the first stimulus which means they are not supposed to press the button. A test of inhibition. those with ADHD do poorly on this test. |
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Term
| What happened to children who were exposed to a lot of low spatial input at a young age? |
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Definition
| Their systems stabilized too soon and it changed the way and speed the eyeball grew. This led to vision problems. They pruned too early and less than they should have. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hippocampus is neccesary for it. The meaning of a stimulus depends on what other stimuli are paired with it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Monitored the newt's neurons in the eye. Specific retina spots mapped to specific tectum spots. He rotated the newt's eye 180 degrees, and saw that axons were still able to map to the correct tectum spots. |
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Term
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Definition
| Monitored the newt's neurons in the eye. Specific retina spots mapped to specific tectum spots. He rotated the newt's eye 180 degrees, and saw that axons were still able to map to the correct tectum spots. |
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Term
| How does the amygdala enhance the startle reflex? |
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Definition
| Auditory information (such as a loud noise) goes to the cochlear nucleus in the medulla and goes to the pons which causes muscles to tense, especially the neck muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| We start with more neurons and synapses than we keep. Synapses form haphazardly and then a selection process keeps some and rejects others. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of cells moving toward their eventual destinations in the brain. |
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Term
| Amygdala damage in monkeys |
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Definition
| Causes them to be tame and placid, less fearful of flame, and they pick up objects that they normally avoid |
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Term
| How is alcohol an anxiety reducer? |
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Definition
| Alcohol promotes the flow of Cl- ions through GABA receptor complex and facilitates GABA binding. Anti-anxiety, intoxicating effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a limb loses its afferent (sensory) input. |
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Term
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Definition
| A synapse that increases in effectiveness because of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic cell and postsynaptic neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual who has used one of a drug long enough to develop a tolerance to it will show a partial tolerance to other depressant drugs as well |
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Term
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Definition
| Promotes survival and growth of the axon. Without NGF, the cell body dies. |
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Term
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Definition
stores visual information
(Part of working memory) |
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Term
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Definition
"Wayfinding works via chemical gradients"
Developing neurons are sensitive to chemical gradients |
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Term
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Definition
Given a choice between one reward now or a slightly better reward later.
Those with ADHD choose the more immediate reward |
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Term
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Definition
1) The nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it
2) Events that are interpreted as threatening to an individual and which elicit physiological and behavioral responses |
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Term
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Definition
1) The nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it
2) Events that are interpreted as threatening to an individual and which elicit physiological and behavioral responses |
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Term
| How do epinephrine and cortisol enhance memory storage? |
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Definition
| They enhance emotional memories by stimulating the amygdala |
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Term
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Definition
Latin for "almost shadow."
The region that surrounds the immediate damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| One or more axons connected to a dendrite bombard it with a brief but rapid series of stimuli (100 per second for 1 to 4 seconds). The burst of intense stimulation leaves some of the synapses potentiated (more responsive to new input of the same type) for minutes, days, or weeks |
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Term
| Lateral Interpositus nucleus |
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Definition
| A nucleus of the cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| The cortex works as a whole, and the more cortex the batter (one of Lashley's principles) |
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Term
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Definition
| Isolated male mice for 4 weeks. This increased their aggressive behavior and decreased their serotonin turnover. The lowest turnover was in strains that fought the most. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific impairment of reading in a person with adequate vision and adequate skill performance in other areas |
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Term
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Definition
| Pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later response to the weak input |
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Term
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Definition
"rabies" symptoms
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
"fearlessness"
Inability to learn/potentiate fear responses
fear conditioning doesnt work |
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Term
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Definition
in monkeys: placid, tame, less fear
in humans: react to emotional stimuli inappropriately |
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Term
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Definition
the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus.
has been regarded as critical for emotion |
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Term
| Brief Stress: ______::prolonged stress:_______ |
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Definition
| ________: sympathetic nervous system::__________:HPA axis |
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Term
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Definition
| heightened sensitivity as a result of inactivity by an incoming axon |
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Term
| Long-term depression (in synapses) |
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Definition
| prolonged decrease in response at a synapse. Occurs when axons have been active at a low frequency. |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical that promotes the survival and activity of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical that promotes the survival and activity of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Changes Calcium creates in dendrites of the hippocampus (4) |
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Definition
- More AMPA receptors are created or moved
- More dendritic branches are formed
- Maybe more NMDA receptors are created
- Maybe AMPA receptors become more responsive |
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Term
| How can stress lead to damage in the hippocampus? |
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Definition
| High cortisol levels can damage cells in the hippocampus and impair memory because cortisol enhances metabolic activity which makes the brain more vulnerable to damage by toxins or overstimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| a continuing sensation of an amputated body part |
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Term
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Definition
| Fingers become clumsy, fatigue easily, and make involuntary movements that interfere with the task. A career ender for some musicians. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluent Aphasia. Impaired ability to remember the names of objects. Impaired language comprehension. Nonsensical speech, omitting nouns and verbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| All parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors such as learning; any part of the cortex can substitute for any other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Some species of chicks imprint on auditory input. When birds are exposed to early visual input (hole in shell), it makes the imprint weaker. They payed less attention to auditory input. |
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Term
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Definition
HM had many epileptic seizures. His hippocampus was removed.
- Anterograde amnesia, some retrograde
- No episodic memories
- Impaired declarative memory
- Intact procedural memory
- Better implicit memory than explicit |
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Term
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Definition
| Directs attention toward one stimulus over another and determines which items will be stored in working memory (part of working memory) |
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Term
| intermittent explosive disorder |
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Definition
| a condition marked by occasional outbursts of violent behavior with little or no provocation |
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Term
| ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny |
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Definition
| change across your life time is a summary of change across evolution |
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Term
| denervation supersensitivity |
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Definition
| heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon |
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Term
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Definition
| main inhibitory transmitter, inhibits anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
1) Strong stimulation excites a facilitating interneuron
2) which releases serotonin onto presynaptic terminals of sensory neurons
3)serotonin attaches to receptors and potassium channels close.
4) prolonged action potention leads to more neurotransmitter |
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Term
| 3 components of working memory |
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Definition
1) phonological loop
2)visuospatial sketchpad
3)central executive |
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Term
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Definition
| leukocytes. Found mostly in bone marrow. Creates antibodies that attach to antigens and fights unfamiliar antigens. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of leukocyte. Mature in thymus gland. Attacks intruders directly and helps other T and B cells to multiply |
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Term
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Definition
| the new branches that attach to vacant synapses after a loss of a set of axons. |
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Term
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Definition
| more action and activity and stimulation than normal. Leads to thicker cortex and more dendritic branching and higher performance on learning tests. |
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Term
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Definition
| form the axon and dendrites that provide the neuron its distinctive shape |
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Term
| Process in the development of neurons |
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Definition
Proliferation
Migration
Differentiation
Myelination
Synaptogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by mental retardation in most regards, but in many cases, skillful use of language |
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Term
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Definition
stores auditory information, including words
(part of working memory) |
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Term
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Definition
| strongly activated @ disgust or people that look disgusted. Also the primary taste cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no chance in other stimule |
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Term
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Definition
| breaks down serotonin into inactive chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty recalling names of objects |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical representation of what has been learned |
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Term
| language acquisition device |
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Definition
| a built in mechanism for acquiring language (Chomsky & Pinker) |
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Term
| Poverty of the stimulus argument |
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Definition
| made by Chomsky. Children don't hear many examples of some of the grammatical structures they acquire and therefore they could not have learned them. Implies that we are born knowing grammar (but this isnt really possible because we couldnt know grammar for every language) |
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Term
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Definition
| the period of time after one stimulus has been presented when it is hard to process another stimulus. Those with ADHD have longer blinks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychology and Biology interacti |
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Term
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Definition
| when people have damage on the right side of their brain, they have a tendency to ignore the left side of the body and its surroundings or the left side of objects |
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Term
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Definition
| a rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform that is just under the surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| the forming of brain cells, neurons, and glia |
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Term
| How could cortex originally responsive to an arm become responsive to the face? |
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Definition
After loss of sensory input from the arm, the axons representing the arm degenerated leaving vacant synaptic sites, which the face axons sprouted to.
Or face axons were always there but they were overwhelmed by the normal arm input |
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Term
| How chimps use of symbols differed from human language |
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Definition
- seldom arranged into new combinations (no productivity)
- seldom used them to describe anything (only requests were made)
- produced symbols better than they understood anyone else's use of symbols |
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Term
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Definition
| cholecstokinin...increases anxiety. Blocking CCK severly decreases anxiety, there are no drugs for this on the marker |
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Term
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Definition
| presented rabbits with a tone and a puff of air to their eye |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of release and resynthesis of a neurotransmitter by a presynaptic neuron. You can infer the turnover rate by the level of 5-HIAA |
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Term
| How do benzodiaphines work? |
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Definition
| They bind to sites sensitive to GABA and helps the GABA to bind more tightly. This facilitates the effects of GABA and decreases anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stops withdrawing gills. Depends on a change in the synapse between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| put goggles on owls to shift their visual field. This also messed up their auditory field. A few days later, their auditory field also shifted. The owls reinterpreted audio cutes to match visual cutes. The visual system tunes up the auditory system. |
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Term
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Definition
- frequent distressing recollections (flashbacks)
- nightmares about the traumatic event
- avoidance of reminders of the event
- exaggerated arousal in response to noises and stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
the enzyme that converts tryptophan into serotnin.
Less of this enzyme = more likely to report frequent anger and aggression |
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Term
| General adaptation syndrome |
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Definition
1) alarm - increased activity in sympathetic nervous system
2) resistance - cortisol secretion to raise alertness, fight infections, and heal
3)exhaustion - become tired, inactive and vulnerable because no energy left |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in response to mild stimuli as a result of previous exposure to more intense stimuli |
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Term
| What happens during the startle reflex? |
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Definition
| Auditory information (such as a loud noise) enters the cochlear nucleus in the medulla then goes to the pons, which command the bodies muscles to tense, especially in the neck |
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Term
| Two places new neurons can form in humans |
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Definition
1) Olfactory receptors
2) Hippocampus |
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Term
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Definition
| An animal sees an object then after a delay, it gets a choice between two objects and it must choose either the one that matches or does not match |
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Term
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Definition
| anti-benzos. Increases fearfulness and aggression by blocking the effects of benzos and diazepam. |
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Term
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Definition
| if some of the synapses onto a cell have been highly active and others have not, only the active ones become strengthened (property of long term potentiation) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hormone that enables the body to maintain prolonged alertness, fight infections, and heal wounds |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of cells that becomes a tube with a seam |
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Term
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Definition
| combats infections and also communicates with the brain to elicit appropriate behaviors. A |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of cells that becomes a tube with a seam |
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Term
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Definition
combat infections and also communicate with the brain to elicit appropriate behaviors.
Way of telling the brain that the body is ill. |
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Term
| 5 Steps for long term potentiation in hippocampus |
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Definition
1) Glutamate massively stimulates AMPA receptors
2) Depolarization enables glutamate to stimulate NMDA receptors nearby
3) which let Calcium enter the cell
4) Calcium creates changed in dendrites to future responses to glutamate
5) NMDA potentiates AMPA receptors and they revert to original condition |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonfluent aphasia. Inarticulate speech. Comprehension deficits when the meaning of a sentence depends on prepositions, conjunctions, word endings or has complex grammar. |
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Term
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Definition
| death of cells if they do not make it to the proper postsynaptic cell by a certain age. |
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Term
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Definition
| the way we store information while we are working with it or attending to it |
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Term
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Definition
| travels back to the presynaptic cell to modify it |
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Term
| When does an epileptic attack occur? |
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Definition
| When a population of neurons produce a sustained period of synchronous activity. |
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