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Details Title: Intro to Anthrpology Description: Exam 1 Total Flash Cards: 80 Created: 01/24/2004 13:13:53	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term Anthropology Definition The study of humankind Term balancing selection Definition Natural Selection that works for heterozygotes. i.e., Malria imunity in sickle cell diease carriers Term Breeding Population Definition Those of sexual matruity, non-sterility, and right age in a given group Term Codominance Definition MN Blood group, when both traits are expressed because neither is recessive Term Georges Cuvier Definition Opposed Lamark. First to theorize evolution. Believed in catastrophism, things like the great flood caused extinction. Term Charles Darwin Definition Wrote, Origin of Species. Introduced natural selection. Father of evolutionary thought. Term Erasmus Darwin Definition Grandfather of Darwin. Wrote about evolution sort of in prose. Term Comte De Buffon Definition Regonized that the enviroment could change plants and animals. Natural History 1759 Term DNA Definition Deoxyribonucliec acid. contains info about entire organisim Term Dominant Definition Trait that takes premise over others Term Evolution Definition change in allele frequency over time, natural selection Term Frame-shift mutation Definition One nitrogen base, A,T,C,G is accidently deleted. Hence it is read different Term heterozygous Definition Aa has both domiant and recessive gene Term Homeobox gene Definition Regulatory gene Term homozygous Definition AA or aa. same allele twice Term Julian Huxley Definition wrote Modern Syntheses....first to combine the theories of Natural Selection and Mutation Term Hypothesis Definition A guess at a problem in the scientific method Term locus Definition specific place of a gene Term Gregor mendel Definition Monk who crossed Pea Pods. Discovered most of simple genetics. Term missense mutation Definition Substiuting the wrong N-base. I.e. A for a G....bad things Term nonsense mutation Definition Codon added or deleted Term Jean Baptiste-lamark Definition giraffes. attempted to explain evolution. was wrong Term Heredity Definition Transfer of info from parent to child. Term cell Definition basic unit of life Term prokaryotes Definition single celled organisisms, 4 billion years ago Term Eukaryotes Definition multi celluar, nucleus containing DNA Term Somatic cells Definition Body tissue Term Gametes Definition sex cells, sperm or ova Term RNA Definition single stranded version of DNA.... different sugar...also subs Uracil for Thymine.....A-U G-C Term mRNA Definition messenger RNA, copy of single DNA strand, goes to ribosomes so proteins can be made Term tRNA Definition transfer RNA, reads the mRNA and attaches the proper amino acid at the ribosome Term transcription Definition occurs at nucleus Term translation Definition occurs at ribosomes, codes proteins Term gene Definition sequence of DNA that codes for an RNA that leads to a protein Term Regulatory Gene Definition controls timing of processes and devolepment...such as onset of puberty Term Structal gene Definition Physical stuff, makes hair, skin, etc. Term chromosomes Definition DNA sequences bound together in packages Term Homologous chrmosomes Definition 1000's of genes occuring in pairs Term diploid Definition a cell with 2 pairs of all chrmosomes - 46 Term haploid Definition one set, no pairs of chromosomes, 23, sex cell Term autosomal pairs Definition those chromosomes that occun in equal numbers Term sex chromosomes Definition those that occur in different #'s Term Mitosis Definition DNA replication itself, for growth and replacement of somatic cells! Term Meoisis Definition reduces number of chromosomes to one pair each, this is for sex cells Term spermatogenis Definition primary spermocyte divided by meoisis, 4 haploid cells Term Oogensis Definition Pimary oocyte prodduces only 1 functional egg. 3 useless cells one that works Term Linkage Definition All genes on a chromosome are inherited together Term Mendelian Genetics Definition The major model used to explain transmission of genetic mateial. Prior to mendel people thought genes blended. Term Genotype Definition makeup of a person, i.e. Aa or AA Term Phenotype Definition What you see...i.e. blonde hair Term law of segregation Definition during meiosis the two gene paris seperate Term recessive Definition genes that are masked by the domiant gene Term Incomplete domiance Definition neither allele is domiant. I.e. pink snap dragons = 1 red + 1 white Term Codomiance Definition Blood types....2 alleles produce different phenotypic results Term Autosomal dominant traits Definition Both males and femals can be affected and can pass on the trait. Can be observed in every generation. I.E. Achondroplasia - dwarfisim aa = normal Aa = Achondroplastic AA = proably dead at birth Term Autosomal recessive traits Definition Most family members are normal. This sort of things suggests that inbreeding may be taking place. 2 unaffected parents CAN have an affected child. Cystic Fibrosis and Tay-Sachs diease, PKU To have these you must have aa not AA or Aa Term X-linked traits Definition Every affected person has one affected child. Heterozygote females will transmit the trait to 50% male and 50% female. Affected male will give it to 100% of his daughter and 0% of his sons. i.e. rickets Term X-linked recessive Definition Males express the trait whenever they have it. Females have to get a copy from both parents to have it. affected males pass on to 0% sons, 100% daughters Term Y linked traits Definition occurs only in males. passed on to all sons, there's only 1 Y! Term Polygenetic traits Definition controlled by many genes! eye color Term Pleiotrophy Definition one gene has an effect on several traits Term Heritablility Definition Proportion of variance in a trait that is attributable to genetic variation, and not the enviroment. Given by H^2= Variance(genes)/ Variance Total Term Microevolution Definition short term change Term macroevolution Definition long term change....i.e. extinction of species Term Forces of evolution Definition Mutation, Gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection Term Mutation Definition the one and only source of any NEW genetic material, to have any evolutionary signifance, it must occur in gametes. Most mutation is bad, Natural selection gets rid of it. Term Types of mutation Definition -Chromosomal mutations, XXY person -Point mutation- a single gene -monosomy, losing a chrmosome -trisomy - extra chromosomes - down's syndrome Term Natural Selection Definition Process by which certain alleles contribute more to the next generation 3 premises- all species have more kids than can survive, 2, individuals vary in their ability to reproduce,3. part of variation is herietety Term Absolute fitness Definition Proportion of population that surviv in a community Term Directional selection Definition Selection against one extreme, brain size Term codon Definition triplet of three letters (base pairs) of the DNA alphabet Term intron Definition DNA sequence that interrupts the protein-coding sequence of a gene; an intron is transcribed into RNA but is cut out of the message before it is translated into protein.the useless one Term Exon Definition Part of the RNA that is real, and works Term anticodon Definition specific base triplet located on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognises the complementary codon on an mRNA molecule Term endogamy Definition rules requiring selecting of a marriage partner from within a particular group Term exogamy Definition must marry an outsider Term founders effect Definition when a group, like 20 people move to an island. Than the genes of the original people contribute solely to the devolepment of life there. Term structual gene Definition gene that controls the production of a specific protein or peptide Term stabalizing selection Definition stabalizing for the mean, i.e. birth weight Term positive assortive mating Definition 2 SIMILIAR phenotypic animals or people....marrying someone who is as smart as you or stuff like that