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Definition
| research tool used to ask ppl to tell us about themselves |
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| tendency to respond to all questions from a particular perspective rather than to provide answers related to the questions |
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| leads the individual to answer in the most socially acceptable way - the way "most people" are perceived to respond |
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| "yay saing" & "nay saying" |
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| when you ask several questions about a topic, a respondent may employ a response st to agree or disagree with all the questions |
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| questions asked in a survey should be simple for people to understand |
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| double-barreled questions |
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| questions that ask two things at once |
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written to lead people to respond one way.
e.g. do you favor eliminating the wasteful excess in the public school? |
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| negative wording questions |
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phrasing questions with negatives
e.g. do you feel that the city should not approve the proposed woman's shelter? |
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| assessing attitudes and beliefs |
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questions about attitudes and beliefs focus on the ways that people evaluate and think about issues
e.g. should more money be spent on mental services? |
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| the sample is chosen to reflect the numerical composition of various subgroups in the population |
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| individuals/clusters of individuals in a population who might actually be selected for inclusion in the sample |
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| percentage of people selected for a sample who actually completed a survey |
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| confounding variables and how effect exp. |
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Definition
-variable that varies along with independent variable
-occurs when you have an cause-effect conflict |
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Definition
| when the results of an experiment can confidently be attributed be attributed to the effect of the independent variable |
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| a true experimental design in which the dependent variable (posttes) is measured only once |
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| solomon four-group design |
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| experimental design in which the experimental and control groups are studied with and without a pretest |
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| an experiment in which the same subjects are assigned to each group |
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| pretest-posttest design (dependent) |
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| a true experimental design in which the dependent variable is measured both before and after manipulation of the individual variable |
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| practice effect (what happends when you practice?) |
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Definition
| improvement in participant performance with repeated testing |
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| value vs. concerns of pretests |
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Definition
value: enables researcher to assess whether the groups are in fact equivalent to begin with.
concern: time-consuming and awkward to administer |
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| how to make pretests less obvious |
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Definition
| by administering it in a completely different situation with a different exp. |
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| respondents are free to answer in any way they like |
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| advantages and usefulness of internet surveys |
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Definition
- easy to design
-responses are immediately sent to researcher
- easier to obtain samples of ppl |
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Definition
| the dropout factor in experiments |
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| independent group designs |
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| an experiment in which different subjects are assigned to each group |
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| deterioration in performance from the 1st to 2nd condition as the research participant becomes tired/bored |
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| a limited number of response alternatives are given |
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| intentional/unintentional influence by interview so that the actual behavior of respondents is consistent with interviewer's expectations |
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| assessing facts and demographics |
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Definition
| ask people to indicate things they know about themselves and their situation |
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focus on past behavior or intended future behavior
e.g. how many children do you plan to have? |
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| a measure of the meaning of concepts |
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| a type of haphazard sample conducted to obtain predetermined types of individuals for the sample |
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| research in which the same sample of subjects is studied at 2 or more points in time |
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| requires a mark along a continuous 100-millimeter line that is anchored with descriptions at each end |
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| questionnaires: pros and cons |
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Definition
pros: less costly than interviews, respondent can be anonymous
cons: ppl may find it boring |
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Definition
pros: employer can clarify any problem the person might have
cons: interviewer may have expectations that could lead to "what they are looking for" |
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| choosen member from a population |
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| the defined group at individuals from which a sample is drawn |
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| one is able to specify the probability that any member of the population will be included in the sample |
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| each member of the population has an equal probability of being included in the sample |
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| stratified random sampling |
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Definition
| a population is divided into subpopulation groups called strata; individuals are then randomly sample from each strata. |
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| clusters are randomly sampled and then everyone in the selected clusters participates in the study |
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| one cannot specify the probability that any member of the population will be included in the sample |
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| selecting subjects in a haphazard manner, usually on the basis of availability |
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| effect of the 1st treatment influences the response to the 2nd treatment |
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| deterioration in performance from the first to second condition |
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| when the first treatment to carry over to influence the response to the second treatment |
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| how to reduce order effects |
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Definition
- employ counterbalancing techniques
- devise a procedure in which the interval between conditions is long enough to maximize the influence the first condition |
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| counterbalancing effects and approches to doing |
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Definition
| -ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA -can be can be extended to experiments with three or more groups |
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| latin squares (latinas can be controlling) |
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Definition
| a technique to control for order effects without having all possible orders |
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Definition
| a method of assigning subjects to groups in which pairs of subjects are first matched on some characteristic and then individually assigned randomly to groups |
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| a person posing as a participant in an experiment who is actually part of the experiment |
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| the electrical conductance of the skin, which changed when sweating occurs |
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| a measure of the electrical activity of the brain |
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| a measure of the electrical activity of the brain |
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| magnetic resonance imaging uses a magnet to obtain scans of structures of the brain |
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| cues that inform the subject how he or she is expected to behave; Any feature of an experiment that might inform a participant of the purpose of the study |
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| a small-scale study conducted prior to conducting an actual experiment; designed to test and refine procedures |
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| a measure used to determine whether the manipulation of the independent variable has had its intended effect on a subject |
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| explanation of the purposes of the research that is given to participants following their participation in research |
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| the process of judging the scientific merit of research through review by other scientist with the expertise to evaluate the research |
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Definition
| in a single case design, the subject's behavior during a control period before introduction of the experimental manipulation |
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| a single case design in which the treatment is introduced after a baseline period and then withdrawn during a second baseline period |
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| quasi-experimental design |
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Definition
| a type of design that approximates the control features of true experiments to infer that a given treatment did have its intended effect |
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| nonequivalent control group design |
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Definition
| a quasi-experimental design in which nonequivalent groups of subjects participate in the different experimental groups |
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Definition
| effectiveness of a treatment is determined by examining a serious of measurements both before and after the treatment is introduced |
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| an extension of the interrupted time series quasi-experimental design in which there is a comparison or control group |
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| a group of people born at about the same time and exposed to the same societal events |
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| not straightforward. necessary to stage events during an experiment in order to manipulate the independent variable successfully. |
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| principle for strength of the manipulation |
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Definition
| to make the manipulation as strong as possible. |
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| Pros and cons for strength of manipulation |
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Definition
p: better chance for IV to have an effect
c: ethics and cost |
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Term
sensitivity of dv:
ceiling effect |
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Definition
| most Subjects (Ss) reach maximum perfect |
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sensitivity of dv:
floor effect |
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Definition
| low scores, most don't do well |
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| how to lessen experimental bias |
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Definition
- well trained E
- run all Ps (participants) in all conditions at the same time
- use automated procedures
- use Ps, unaware of hypothesis |
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| how experimenter bias occus |
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Definition
| E (researcher) knows Ps in (could treat Ss differently); P behavior could be recorded or interpreted in direction of expectations |
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Definition
| P doesn't know what condition they are in |
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| neither Ps nor interacting E knows which condition P is in |
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Definition
| receive a pill or injection containing an inert, harmless substance |
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| Why placebo group is used |
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Definition
| improvement bc of active drug or expectation about effects of drug |
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Definition
| includes a a literature review that provides a background for the study. Why the research is being done |
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Definition
| direct observations of behaviors |
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| dependent variable self report measures |
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Definition
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Definition
| each member of the population has an equal probability of being included in the sample |
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| 1- group post-test only design |
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Definition
| 1 group, expose to IV, measure on DV |
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Term
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Definition
| all Ps, take pretest, exposed to IV, meausred on DV |
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