-retribution: inflicting punishment proportional to the harm caused

-deterrence: to keep an offender from future offending (specific) or to set the person as an example (general)

-incapacitation: to become incapable of committing another crime

-reform/rehabilitation: change the individual

-father of probation

-philanthropist who posted bail for offenders then found them work and housing

-credited with founding the investigation component of probation.

-because his system based on moral character, age, and other factors

-situation where minor offenders placed in new diversion programs instead of prison-bound offenders the program was designed for.

-23% probation, 12% parole, 7% prison

-usually have childhood abuse

-drug dependency

-psychosocial problems

-incarcerated parent

-single parent household

-HIV/AIDS

-less likely to have

-violent crime cnviction

-any stable work history

-purpose is to divert the offender from the system because..

-it is better for the offender

-less stigma and disruption from work and family

-it is better for the system

-scarcity of resources

-little or no risk to public

-doesnt offend principals of justice

-evaluation by pretrial services staff of eligibility

-contract that clarifies exactly what the defendant must do for completion

-a mechanism by which the defendants case is disposed of, usually through a court oder that disposes of a case without a conviction

-pretrial diversion comes before finding any guilt, and if never committed a crime once having both eligibility and completion of program

-wearing an electric band to add to traditional probation, parole, or house arrest

-conjunction with bail, deferred adjudication programs, ext.

-cost less than prison/jail

-male gender

-younger age

-unemployed

-criminal history

-single

-drug or property crime

-long length of time on EM

-fines set by amount of income the offender has.

-fine is 3 days of income, not set dollar amount

-order by the court that requires offender to compensate victim

-restorative service: connect offender to victim, intention to recognize harm done, agreement, aimed at class of victims

-punitive service: not linked to crime, mostly focused on deterrence, labor.

-main santions

-supervision costs

-appropriate settings

-liability

-reasonableness 

-crime

-prior record

-drug history

-employment

-residential stability

-evidence of mental illness

-service officer: focuses on offenders needs and attempts to develop relationship; may make allowances for violations of convictions based on circumstances

-surveillance officer:  focuses on surveillance and monitoring of offender and completion. if any law broken, they want offender off the streets

-broker officer: balances the two above, no direct counseling though, instead refers to second party agency

-burned out officer: doesnt emphasize either, minimum amount of work

-violation of rules rather than new crimes

-this can warrant a judicial intervention

-imposing curfew

-intermediate sanctions

-more conditions

OR

-revoke probation

-send to prison

-more than 2 million in prison/jail 

-varies by state

-783 per 100,000 (highest of any western country)

-black men 7x as likely than white men

-solitary confinement, manual labor

-originated in philly in the walnut street jail

-later in eastern penitentiary

-slept in solitary, but ate and worked together

-there was silence enforced though

-harsh punishment not only to control, but to reform the inmates

-managed with 'trinity,'  (mission of a prison)

-separation, obedience, labor

-militaristic drills and staffing for men

-home-like condition for women

-before correctional institutions (rehab era)

-prisonization

-inmate code

-building tenders.. inmates who were once granted permission by staff over other inmates

-belief that pre-prison characteristics of the people shaped the prison environment

-argot.. used by officers and prisoners

-pseudofamilies

-make believe families.. fathers, mothers, siblings ext.

-parents advice and counsel

-allow closer contact with real families

-homosexual behavior

-parole means 'word'

-release from prison, probation is instead of prison

-780k adults on parole

-15 states left do parole with full discretionary systems

-no due process for release decision

-66% re-arrested

-started ticket of leave

-form of mark system

-offenders released early upon going through graduated stages of responsibility and good behavior

-when he reaches this point, prisoner recieves his ticket

-also required once released to report to police for supervising and help finding a job.

-started mark system

-consisted of stages of increasing responsibility almost independently resulting in an early release

-eliminated harsh punishment

-improved living conditions at norfolk island

-removed by thought of leniency only 3 years as prison superintendent

-seek to restore state of wholeness, dont find you guilty of innocent, dont punish)

-victim-offender mediation: most common, victim and offender meet and discuss and come to an agreement

-community reparative boards: youth panels. board decides after offender speaks

-family group conferencing: involves victim and all family, helps the offender understands his wrongdoing.

-circle sentencing: everyone gets to talk, then circle decides punishment

1. Community-oriented view of the causes of crime, prevention, and enforcement

2. Greater centralization of law enforcement and greater federal powers of investigation and prosecution (terrorism)

-Foreign Intelligence Surviellance Act

-Mandate procedures needed to request surveillance.

-FISA members appointed by supreme court justice

-in order to be allowed surveillance..

-person further of intelligence +

-target was an agent of a foreign power

-Expands federal government to take over local governments issues if there is a terrorist threat. 

-allowed government to see documents without warrant.

-Expands FBI to overseas when investigating terrorism

-Replaced Omnibus Counterterrorism Act

-Expanded authority of INS of deporting threats and increased punishment

-Changed Habeas Corpus decisions

-allowed funding to be cut off to countries that supported terrorism

-Led to Homeland Security

-3 seperate agencies that communicated poorly, so ^ was created.

-Provisions that were rejected in the 96 Anti-Terrorism Act were added

-Expanded concept of terrorism (mass, destruction, assassination, kidnapping)

-Expanded federal powers of investigation

-Included Domestic Terrorism

-John Walker Lynn.. American who fought on Afghanistan's side, tried based on Patriot Act

-Jail, prison, parole, or probation