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| a condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power. |
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| a structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society. |
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| inclusive term encompassing all a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property, is worth |
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| four general systems of stratification |
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| slavery, castes, estates, and social classes |
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| example of different social stratification in one place |
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| prior to the Civil War, you could find in the southern states of the United States both social classes dividing Whites from Whites and the institutionalized enslavement of Blacks |
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| a social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics |
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| a social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts |
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| the most extreme form of legalized social inequality for both individuals and groups |
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| owned by other people, who treat these human beings as property, just as if they were household pets or appliances |
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| Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
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| binding on all members of the United Nations, prohibits slavery in all forms |
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| hereditary ranks that are usually religiously dictated and that tend to be fixed and immobile; caste membership is an ascribed status (given at birth) |
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| 16% of Indian population; called "scheduled castes" by the Indian government, and prefer the term "Dalit" ("the repressed") |
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| other places were castes have existed |
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| southern United States from the end of the Civil War to the 1960s, Republic of South Africa under apartheid (19488-1990s). race was THE defining character in these caste-like systems |
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| required peasants to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services |
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| the nobles inherited their titles and property; the peasants were born into a subservient position within an agrarian society |
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| social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility |
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| difference from slavery and caste systems |
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| boundaries between classes are imprecisely defined, and one can move from one stratum, or level, of society to another |
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| Daniel Rossides' 5 Class Model |
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describes the class system in the United States
1. upper class
2. upper-middle class
3. lower-middle class
4. working class
5. lower class |
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| 1-2% of the United States; very wealthy, who associate in exclusive clubs and social circles |
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| 20-25% of the United States; disproportionately consists of blacks, Hispanics, single mothers with dependent children, and people who cannot find regular work; class that lacks wealth and income and is too weak politically to exercise significant power |
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| being disabled marginalizes a person in the U.S. labor market |
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| observed that "of all classes, the rich are the most noticed and the least studied" |
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| 10-15% of the U.S. population; includes professionals such as doctors, lawyers, and architects; participate extensively in politics, and take leadership roles in voluntary associations |
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| 30-35% of the U.S. population; includes less affluent professions, such as school teachers, nurses, owners of small businesses, and a sizable number of clerical workers; share the goal of sending their children to college |
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| 40-45% of the U.S. population; people who hold regular manual or blue collar jobs; most noticeably declining in the U.S. |
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| Karl Marx's View on Class Differentiation |
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| social relations during any period of history depend on who controls the primary mode of economic production, such as land or factories |
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| an economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits |
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| capitalist class, owns the means of production (factories or machines) |
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| a subjective awareness of common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change |
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| an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position (eg. developing an individualistic viewpoint toward capitalist exploitation) |
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| people who have the same prestige or lifestyle. an individual gains status through membership in a desirable group, such as the medical profession. |
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| people who have a similar level of wealth and income |
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| the ability to exercise one's will over others. |
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| describes a set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests |
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| Lenski's Sociocultural evolution Approach |
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| economic systems change as their level of technology becomes more complex, beginning with hunting and gathering and culminating eventually with industrial society |
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1. the elites may share a portion of the economic surplus with the lower classes, but not enough to reduce their own power and privilege
2. the allocation of surplus goods and services controlled by those with wealth, status, and power reinforces the social inequality that accompanies stratification systems |
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| used to measure social class. class is viewed largely as a statistical category. researchers assign individuals to social classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence. |
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| refers to the respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society |
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| refers to the reputation that a specific person has earned within an occupation |
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| socioeconomic status (SES) |
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| a measure of social class that is based on income, education, and occupation. on people under 25, parental income is used as the determining factor of SES. |
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| refers to a minimum level of substance that no family should be expected to live below |
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| is a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole. |
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| disproportionate number of single mothers living below the poverty line (~51% of total impoverished people in 2008) |
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| the long term poor without jobs or skills |
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| peoples' opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences |
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| the poor, minorities, and those who live in rural communities and inner cities are not getting connected to the internet at home or work |
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| the movement of individuals or groups from one position in society's strafication system to another |
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| keeping the same number on the prestige ranking scale |
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| moving up or down in prestige ranking |
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| intergenerational mobility |
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| change of position relative to their parents |
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| INTRAgenerational mobility |
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| involves changes in social position within a person's adult life |
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| a sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed. those who have power define groups of people according to a racist social structure. |
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| unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group |
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| institutional discrimination |
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| the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society |
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