• Nation states can talk to each ohter.
• Can serve as a united military force,
• some people think they are interested in the great powers only;
• closest think we come to a wolrd/ global government.
• 6 organs = security council, general assembly, ECOSCO, trusteeship council, ICJ, Secretarial

• 5 great powers= US, great britian, china, France, Soviet Union.
• 10 rotating nations.
• Deals with threat to secure peace,
• does not intervene = organizations of nations states. People never fight under UN force,

• Pass resolutions= organized so that each states gets a vote (2/3)
• Tierney of majority- smaller states pick on the bigger ones.
• value sovereignty(each state gets a vote) not reflective of the power structure.
• can set guidelines for how states should act but people don't have to go along with them.
•  Deal with peace and security issues.

• Economic and social council= one state, one vote.
• Economic development issues, cultural issues, social, health, education, procession, nutrition issues. 
• improving quality of life for peole, deals with all issues through different organizations. Not states themselves, but welfar of individuals (human rights)
• coherent conflict- if states are sovereign and people go in and try to fix things (conflict with soveregin nations and individuals rights)
• spends 90% of UN profit.

• still exists but doesnt do anything- no more people are in this
• oversee deconolization of many parts of the world
• proposed new colonization of failed states
• trying to create sovereign states but determined on notion of self determination

• deals with conflict between states only
• no enforcement arm- cant punish state or force them to do something
• can sign on with reciprocity
• sets forth a body of how states should act

• acts performed during war that the international community defines as crimes against humanity including atrocities committed against an enemy's prisoners of war, civiliams or the state's own minority population.

Alter security council- no veto power

weighted voting for general assembly

financing

corruption

bureoatic overlap

peacekeeping

• no global consitisution regarding it
• treaties, customs, decisions of international court of justice, opinion of international scholars.
• Major principle= sovereignty of states
• public and private law. self-determination and human rights.

state to state

used to have more emphasis

• commerce, relationships between business and government, how international aid is going to go, regulation of air space etc.

• life and personal safety and safety of property
• health care
• equality
• food/water
• education
• freedom from oppression - no torture, free religion, freedom of press, cant be arrested w/o purpose
• work
• freedom from slavery
• property
• shelter

those with the most power have the most say

security council

5 great powers (victors of WWII)

china rarely veots

Great Britian generally goes with US

in order for security council to pass resolution, all 5 have to agree

• largest multilateral source of development assistance in the world
• provides expert advice, training, and grant support to develoing countries, with increasin emphasis on assistance to the least developed countries.

Mercantilism

• benign & Malevolent
• state control of economy
• nontariff bariers(replace tariffs)
• subsidies (agriculture is most prominent)-don't want to rely on other counties to feed you
• regulations(food and drug)
• environmental standardsvoluntary export restrictions= a producer of certain good limits the number you export to a certain country to maintain access to that market
• Regionalism (NAFTA etc. steps away from liberalism) limits access between blocks locks out other countries to free trade with certain areas.

trade barriers that restrict imports but are not in usual tariff form

ex. anti-dumping measures and countervailing duties, which although they are called non tariff barriers have the effect of tariffs but are only imposd under certain conditions (ways to get around tariffs)

subsidies= farming, agriculture, production

gov't regulations=FDA

environmental standards= can be used to eliminate competition (Tuna US an mexico)

• Strong ties to free market capitalism, strong focus on inidivuals rights, progressive notion and radical ideas (states helps individuals and vice versa) politics (minimal role for state; stay out of free market, stay out of peoples lives)
• major actors are households and business firms
• goal of evonomic activity is to maximize global welfare
• economics determine politics

• proposition that free trade and interstate peace depend on the existence of a prodominant great power willing and able to use economic and military strength to promote global stability
• international economic stability based on liberal principles can materialize to alleviate the fears of nationalistic mercantilists
• long-cycle theory
• liberal economic system cannot be self-sustaining but must be maintained over the long term through the actions of the dominant economy

• late 1800s to WWII
• new forms of colonization- biritain looked to control differenct areas of the globe to create competition
• emergence of new forms of mercantilism
• increase in tariffs
•  manipulation of exchange rates by states- how much a currency is worth in comparison to other states values
• intense economic competition
• after the war new hegemon emerged (US)= US hegemony, liberalism, multilateral-sharing its decision power, regulates exchange rates, trading regime/monetary regime

• rule of a region by an external sovereign power
• hard to get out of this stage
• imperialism- economic imperialism
• people from west look at leaders control people through oppression (coruption)

• manipulates policies to benefit states regardless of trade with other states

Tariffs

• tax on goods upon importation

a protectionist measure popular in the 1980s and early 1990s in which exporting countries agree to restrict shipments of a particular product to a country to deter it from imposing an even more onerous import quota.

nontariff barriers to free trade that involve limits on the quantity of particular products that can be imported

a form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector. This can be used to support businesses that might otherwise fail or to encourage activities that would otherwise not take place

trade barrier by making domestic goods and sevices artificially competitive against imports. Subsidies often distort markets and can imose large economic costs.

• liberalism is a positive movement
• model that best signified the triumph of economic liberalism
• TNC
• all benefit from the free market
• civil society- health care, shelter, etc. all gorups in society that aren't associated with government businesses and unions... who funds these groups?

• intense form of liberalism without states intervening
• post hegemonic management
• states in multilateral setup= regimine
• regimines manage entities
• don't need hegemon don't need a state just a perspective
• closely related to complex interdependence
• capacity to deal with issue of globalization of the free market

• developed off capitalism- liberalism is a negative movement
• triumph of liberalism
• what happens to a state as it moves toward liberalism
• class conflict
• continuing gap between rich and the poor- technology replaces people
• international division of labor

• labor intensive forms of production vs. capital intensive- the work of labor producing goods, usually unskilled. capital intensive makes more money (more investment). different cultures= agricultural, manifest, service sectors of labor production
• dont get much reward for your particiation, people at the high end do, further depends the divide between classes.

• historic evolution of capital can move up and down in terms of develoment core, semi peripheral, or peripheral
• divides the world into core, semi-peripheral, and periphery
• depends on historic evolution of capitalism economics
• cyclical phythms represent the short-term fluctuation of economy, while secular trends mean deeper long run tendencies, such as general economic growth or decline. contradiction means a general controversy in the sytem, usually concerning some short-run vs. long run trade-offs
• derived from neomarxist

• more real to use, security is tied into it
• promote liberalism in a multilateral way
• havana charter
• instead general agreement on tariffs and trade- conducted in rounds (irogwai last), bilateral agreements that become multilateral
• WTO- replaced GATT

• ITO (international trade organization) doesnt exist never ratified by the US because it opened US to be vulnerable.
• charter of the defunct international trade organization (ITO) it allowed for international cooperation and rules against anti-competitive business practices. The charter ultimately failed because the congress of the US rejected it. Elements of it became part of the GATT
• were to stabilize trade by encouraging nations to 'net zero' with trade surplus and trade deficit both discouraged. This negative feedback was to be accomplished by allowing nations overdraft equal to half the average value of the country's trade over the preceding five years, with interest charged on both surplus and deficit.

• financial procedures governing the exchange and conversion of national currencies so that they can be bought and sold for one another to calculate the value of currencies and credits when capital is transferred across borders through trade, investment, foreign aid, and loans
• US wanted multilateral
• Bretton Woods system
• regulate exchange rate- exchange rate rules not followed, how much eople thought value on free market
• provide liquidity to state (give loans) when in trouble
  • balance of payment difficulties (increase in decrease out)
  • go to IMF: short term loans and based on how much you gave them
    • weighted voting- people who gave most money had most say to where it went
    • conditionality on loans (structural adjustment)
    • change economic policies (no tariffs end state run businesses-liberal policy) to get money
• part of IMF and is managed by the market

• Financial agency formed in UN in 1945 to promoted international monetary cooperation, free trade, exchange rate stability, and democratic rule by providing financial assistance and loans to countries facing financial crises.
  • help states maintain equilibrium in their balance of payments and stability in their exchange rates with one another.

• sought free trade, open markets and monetary stability. Based on the theoretical premises of commerical liberalism which advocates free markets with few barriers to private trade and capital flows.
• established international monetary fund and international bank of reconstruction and development (world bank)
• power was concentrated in the rich countries
• dominant states shared a preference for an open international economy with limited government intervention
• worked because the US assumed the burdens of hegemonic leadership
• ended in 1972
• the IMF and WB was established to provide equitity to states

integration of states through increasing contact, communication, and trade to create a holistic, single global system, which increasingly binds all people and all states together in a common fate.

international bank for reconstruction and development, gloves major IGO for financing economic growth

• aid recovery from war
• reconstruction projects and rebuild
• it provided loans to countries for development
• president of world bank must be US
• us was only one supporting

• also called constructionality... want loans from IMF you have to adjust economic policies so it is with neoliberalism. EX. Decrease tax enter substities etc.
• still have increase levels of cheating (substities)
• another form of capitalism
• worked for a little while
• we really don't have a liberal system-free global trade
• shifted from economic  growth to what do we do about poverty
• jeffery Sax-shief person of Owens move
• charged with failure of Russia from communism (end of poverty- africa)
• governments have to increase amount of aid given to certain nations

structural adjustment (bretton woods system)

• if you want a loan from the IMF you have to adjust your economic policies to match neoliberal model
  • decrease tariffs and get rid of subsidies

an international organization affiliated with the UN that promotes international trade and tariff reductions now the World Trade Organization

• Goal is democracy in the long run
• liberalism: strong tie to free market capitalism strong focus on individual rights, progressive notion and radical idea (state helps individual and vice versa) politics (minimal role for state, stay out of free market and peole's lives etc.)
• explain why first world developed but why third world isn't developing
• also seen as westernization-places need to follow the way of the west
• agriculture
• agricultural revolution-produce more food
  • small craft base industries-supply for more than just yourselves
• industrial revolution-move from small craft base industries to big businessesindustries
• modern: emerge as a post modern socity, society based on techonology and moved into a more technical society=probide mroe services
• traditional: held back from progressing in society (tribal, communal- community, extended families, more authoritarian, religious leaders, farming is more of a necessity, strong connections to ancestors, women)
  • afraid to challenge new ideas. religion goes with it, over poulation, dualism
  • someone needs to come in and force this to stop to get more modernization= break down religion etc.)

why didn't it all happen at the same time (colonization)

dualism- because people hold onto their traditions in rural areas.

symptom- over poulation (living in overty) authoritarian society sometimes resists change

• separation of a country into two sectors, the first modern and prosperous centered in major cities, and the second at the margin neglected and poor.
• extreme separation between urban and rural communities
• authoritarian/traditional societies will not develop because of this
• early days= conflict between good and evil

• 50-60s ander defrank lay out these ways
• a form of dependency
• develoing world didn't develop because of pressures from the core. they wanted control
• imprealism- give over control benefit people of core but not own people (buy them off)
• structural violence- extracted al the resources abailable for deelopment (poverty, malnutrition)
• isolate yourself- missing out on a great deal
• developing counttries need to develop tariffs
• economic growth is the key to development
• process of unequal exchange
• static model- sometimes countries thought of as not developed really are
• devendent development- development based on alliance foreign investors, state, local=dependent of alliances
• world system analysis- historic evolution of capital can move up and down in terms of development core etc.

• tribal-communal
• extended families tend to be more authoritative
• religous culture

• most favored nation
• also called normal trade relations in the US is a status awarded by one nation to another in international trade. It means that the recieveing nations will be granted all trade advantages- such as low tariffs- that any other nations also receives. In effect having MFN status means that one's nation will not be treated worse than anyone else's nation.

• denotes a form of violence which corresponds with the sytematic ways in which a given social structure or social institution kills people slowly by preventing them from meeting their basic needs
• johan galtung
• elitism, ethnocentrism etc.
• structural violence inevitably produces conflict and often direct violence including family violence, racial violence hate crimes, terrorism, genocide and war
• hunger and poverty

• target date is 2015
• extract poverty and hunger
• achieve universal primary education
• promote gender equality and empower women
• reduce child mortality (health care)
• improve maternal health
• combat HIV and AIDS
• ensure environmental sustainability
• develop a global partnership for development

process by which the peole of the world are unified into a single society and function together. combination of economic, technological, sociocultural and political forces

• each country specialized
• colonies are in what they produced and traded
• forced to specialize in certain things
• doesnt treat all products equally and people don't make as much

civil society

• community that embraces shared norms and ethical standards to collectively manage problems without coercion and through peaceful and democratic procedures for decision making aimed at improving human welfare
• organizations that function outside the government
• ex. labor union, nonprofit orgs.

• consumer based goods, want to get peole to buy things locally and not foreignly (short term strategy)
• people were cheating (didn't follow dependencia)
• people will have to use this eventually to develop
• doing this to long delays grwoth and equals problems
  • higher prices
  • people were paying higher captial prices (things you can't substitute)
  • high level of ineffieciency because no competition
  • quality of products may not be as high
  • consumers were not interested in local products
• becomes difficult to move away from this strategy- debt
• loans were ushed to get loans (1980) and couldn't ay for debt
• debt crisis decreased their ability to economically grow

• liberalism-move from closed to open economy
• 1970s
  • mexico and brazil moved toward this stage butsuccess in this stage was short lived (had oil and could use thismoney to jump to this stage)
  • Asian tigers all examples of liberal success and the only ones to make the leap (NIG)
    • had great deal of aid that mexico didnt have- because of war (our fight against communism got them a lot of money)
    • majority of countries ended up stagnating which lead to no economic growth- debt

New imternational economic order

• 1974 policy resolution in the UN that called for a North-South dialogue to open the way for the less-developed countries of the Global South to participate more fully in the making of international economic policy
• global south wanted a redistribution of wealth-north didn't want that
• general assembly-equal votes
  • tereny of majority
  • performance gap between what majority voted and what they actually got
  • increase in loans which helped local economy
  • tariffs
• buffer stock/common fund
  • what right did they have to make this demand
    • thinking in terms of dependence felt they were owned this, needed to be provided aid right now, developing nations get far below 1%
• increase of wealth in developing countries to 1% of national GDP

• re-embracing this concept- limited role of government in economy (president Regan pushed this)
• embracing market allowing free trade, exporting
• IMF, WB = drastically reduces state influence in economy, allowing prices to fluctuate etc.

• US dollar earned by a country for the sale of petroleum
• money that middle eastern countries and members of OEC receive as revenue from western nations and then put back into those same nations' banks. For example if Libya were to receive money from the US for oil and then put the money into a US bank, that deposited money is referred to as petrodollars

• Newly industrialized country
• socioeconomic classification applied to several countries around the world by political scientists and economists
• macroeconomic sense outpsed their develoing counterparts. Another characterization of NICS is that of nations undergoing rapid economic growth (usually export oriented
• asian countries were successful in making transition

• four asian NIEs- newly industrialized economies) that experienced far greater rates of economic grwoth during the 1980s than the more advanced industrial societies of the Global North
• S. Koreda, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong
• achievement lies in moving beyond the export of primary products to the export of manufactured goods and to providing service and expertise in the digital revolution of the information age.

• an investment in a country involving a long-term relationship and control of an enterprise by nonresidents and including equity capital reinvestment of earning other long-term caital and short-term capital as shown in balance of payment accounts
• a way for global south to escape destitution and stagnant economic growth
• increase countries export earnings to gain a greater share of global trade

• analyzes international relations in combination with political economy
• ultimately concerned with the ways in which political forces (states, insititutions etc.) shape the systems through which economic interactions are expressed, and conversely the effects that economic interactions have upon political structures and outcomes

rate at wich a states currency is exchanged for another state's currency in the global marketplace

balance of payments

• measures the payments that flow between any individual country and all other countries
• used to summarize all international economic transactions for that country during a specific time period
• determined by country's exports, imports of goods, services and financial capital

• the norm that accepts the ethical prescription that actors should treat others as they themselves would wish to be treated so that the same standards of conduct apply
• all countries treat international trade according to the same rules that allow goods to be traded without interruption
• to promote trade, industrialized countries have greatly reduced tariffs

• a newly established industry that is not yet strong eough to compete effectively in the global marketplace

• provide basic needs for everyone more attention to environment
• measures poverty in terms of if people have their basic needs

• economic growth that does not deplete the resources needed to maintain growth
• alternative to the quest for unrestrained growth
• conferences on a wide range of environmental topics have produced scores of treaties and new international agencies to promote cooperation and monitor environmental developments
• NGOS

• techonolgy advanced
• education
• info structure
• universal suffrage
• stable government
• independent judiciary
• trade
• economic growth
• equality
• life-expectancy
• human progress indicator
• happy planet index

• nongovernmental orgnizations
• transnational organizations of private citizens maintaining consultative satus with the UN they include professional associations foundations, multinational corporations and internationally active groups in different states joining together to work towards common interests
• sympathetic to peace plans that seek to reduce the capability of states to make wars

• intergovernmental organizations
• international organizations whose members are states such as the world trade organizations
• purposely created by states to solve shared problems
• more important than NGOs because their members are states

• eurpean union
• regional orgnization created by the merger of the euroean coal and steel community and the eurpoean atomic energy community and the european economic
• has developed a single market through a standardized system of laws which apply in all member states, guaranteeing the freedom of movement of people, goods services and capital. It maintains a common trade policy, agricultural and fisheries policies and a regional development policy

• a metaphor wedly used to explain the impact of human behavior on ecological systems that exlain how rational self-interested behavior by individuals may have a destructive collective impact
• potential impact of human behavior on the planet's resources and its delicately balanced ecological system
• common property (green that all farmers could graze cattle) if people misuse this in the long run the green is destroyed while short run farmers have more cattle and therefore more money

• the maximum number of humans and living species that can be supported by a given territory.
• earths ability to support and sustain life

• organization for economic co-operation and development
• international organization of thirty countries, that accept the princiles of representative democracy and a free market economy
• gov't can compare policy experience siik answers to common problems, identify good practice and co-ordinate domestic and international policies

• an explanation of population changes over time that highlights the causes of declines in birth and death rates so that a countries population achieves a stable level
• reduction in poulation equals a higher level of economic success

argument that the growth of human population would overtake the growth of food supplies

• view that the unevailability of resources required to sustain life such as food, energy or water can undermine security in degrees similar to military aggression
• rediects that future international conflict will likely be caused by resource scarcities rather than by overt miitary challenges

• UN environment program
• coordinateds UN environmental activities assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and encourages sustainable development through sound evnironmental practices.