Details Title: International Relations final Description: N/A Total Flash Cards: 147 Created: 12/07/2008 17:00:40		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional International Studies Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Relative Deprivation Definition People may not act aggressively or violently because they are poor or deprived but because they fell deprived, relative to others and their expectations. Term Equilibrium Definition The result when both sides make their best moves in response to each other and we are able to identify this equilibrium outcome, to “solve” the game. Term Failed States Definition States that internationally recognized, but whose governments cannot provide their citizens with even the most basic level of security and well-being expected of sovereign states. Term Ethnopolitical Conflict (communal cinflict) Definition loyalty and conflict brought about by racial, tribal, linguistic and religious lines. Term Terrorism Definition Shocking acts of violence in which the main purpose is not the actual destruction, but the dramatic and psychological effects on the government and their people. Term State Terrorism Definition Terror used by states against their own people to gain or increase control through fear. Term State-Sponsored Terrorism Definition International terrorist activity conducted by states or more commonly supported by states through the provision of arms, training, safe haven, or financial backing. Term Arms Race Definition Opposing groups increasing armaments because of the existence of those of the opposing group, motivated by fear Term Nuclear Weapons Definition Weapons that use massive amounts of energy released by atomic nuclei when they split or combine. Term Weapons of Mass Destruction Definition Nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. Term Mutually Assured Destruction Definition A situation in which both sides cannot launch a nuclear attack without suffering substantial damage from retaliatory attack Term Second-Strike Capapbility Definition The capacity to absorb an enemy attack and have weapons remaining retaliate and inflict unacceptable damage on the opponent Term Minimum Deterrence Definition a nuclear strategy with second-strike capabilities, requiring only a small stockpile of nuclear weapons Term National Missile Defense Definition a system designed to protect a country from a ballistic missile defense. Term Proliferation Definition increase in number of states (and potentially nonstate actors) that possess a certain class of weaponry Term Chemical Weapons Definition weaponized chemical agents designed to attack the body’s nervous system, skin, blood, or lungs Term Biological Weapons Definition weaponized biological agents, including living organisms, viruses, and toxins derived from them, designed to cause disease and death Term Security Dilemma Definition A situation in which one state’s security is seen as another’s insecurity, leading to a vicious cycle of competitive power accumulation Term Tit for Tat Definition A strategy of cooperating after an opponent cooperates and defecting after the opponent defects Term Nuclear Triad Definition nuclear force structure consisting of bomb-carrying aircraft, land-based missiles, and submarine based missiles Term Preemtion Definition The strategy of attacking an adversary if they appear to be on the verge of gaining the ability to attack Term Arms Control Definition the process that produces agreements on the production, management, and use of weapons-their types, characteristics, conditions of deployment, and so forth. Disarmament-the reduction of the numbers of weapons Term Normative Theory Definition Theoretical statements about the rightness or wrongness of what international actors do, as well as the justice or the injustice of the outcomes Term Pacifism Definition A rejection in principle of violence as an instrument of national policy Term Just War Tradition Definition A set of principals that identify the circumstances justifying the resort to war, and once begun, the conduct of war Term Self Defense Definition In international law, the right that permits a state to use military force to reverse an act of armed military aggression Term Descrimination Definition The requirement that combatants respect the immunity of noncombatants Term Proportionality Definition When the legitimate aims sought by a state resorting to war outweigh the harm that will result from the prosecution of the war Term Double Effect Definition Individual military actions undertaken during wartime have both good and bad effects Term Natural Law Definition A community of mankind exists, and members of this community have certain rights and responsibilities irrespective of their status as a citizen of states. Polar opposite view is realism Term Positivist View Definition Between naturalism and realism. A viewpoint suggesting that international law consists of nothing more than the customs, agreements, and treaties that states actually make Term Communitarian Definition the belief that concepts of justice emerge from the historical, cultural, and religious experiences shared by the members of a political community Term Cosmopolitan (universalism) Definition View that states do not acquire moral standing simply because they are legal representatives of the political communities inhabiting their territories Term Human Rights Definition Rights possessed by individuals because they are human, not because they are citizens of a particular state Term Humanitarian Intervention Definition Interference whose main goal is to relieve human suffering Term Universal Jurisdiction Definition The claimed authority to try an accused individual whether or not the accused is a national or committed crimes against nationals Term Sovereign Immunity Definition The immunity of state leaders from prosecution by other states for their official public actions Term International Institutions Definition Broadly Defined, the formal and informal practices that constitute appropriate behavior in world politics Term International Organizations Definition The ways that states arrange themselves for purposes of promoting cooperative and collaborative practices in world politics, and the result of this process of arrangement is the creation of IOs Term Collective Security Definition When all members agree to oppose together a threat to the security of any one of them Term Peace Keeping Definition The employment of force for the purposes of conflict management or settlement, usually by way of separating warring parties and creating conditions for negotiation Term Human Security Definition - Broad conception of human security , including security against violence, the provision of basic human needs, and the protection of human rights Term Zone of Peace Definition An area compromising most of the industrialized countries of the world in which the expectation of war is absent Term Structural Violence Definition Deprivations enforced, often subtly, by repressive social and political systems that are resistant to change. Not actually physical violence Term Democratic Peace Definition The phenomenon whereby stable democracies are unlikely to engage in militarized disputes with each other or to let any such disputes escalate to war Term World Federalism Definition The idea that permanent peace could be achieved only by establishing a world government Term Supernational Authority Definition An institution with powers to overrule the members’ national governments on certain issues Term Community Definition A group whose members experience mutual sympathies and loyalties, trust, shares self-images, and interests, communications, responsiveness, and we-feeling Term Security Community Definition A group of people who have attained, within a territory, a sense of community, as well as institutions and practices that assure expectations of peaceful change Term Functionalism Definition The idea that international organizations should aim to solve problems arising in specific functional areas , after which those solutions may be applied to other areas Term Functionalism Definition The idea that international organizations should aim to solve problems arising in specific functional areas , after which those solutions may be applied to other areas Term International Policiy Economy Definition The realm of combined political and economic behavior, as well as outcomes, taking place among state and non-state international actors Term Mercantilism Definition Economic doctrine pursued by major of Europe prior to the 19th century. They amassed trade surpluses in the form of gold and silver as a means of maximizing wealth and power Term Relative Gains Definition Shorthand for arrangements that improve the welfare of a state or society to a greater degree than they do for other states or societies Term Absolute Gains Definition Shorthand for arrangements that improve the welfare of a state or society, even when those arrangements may be greater benefits to other states and societies Term Economic Coercion Definition Actions or threats to disrupt economic unless the target state modifies its behavior as demanded Term Defense Industrial Base Definition A states capacity to develop and manufacture the implements of national defense Term Military Industrial Complex Definition Sectors of society that benefit from spending on national defense, including the defense industry and the professional military establishment Term Industrial Policy Definition A set of arrangements whereby the government assists these industries deemed to be crucial to the nation’s economic strength Term Guns vs. Butter Definition The essential tradeoffs identified by critics of military spending. Military preparedness against economic performance during peacetime Term Peace Dividend Definition The economic benefits presumed to follow when resources previously committed to military competition are freed up, as after the end of the cold war Term Defense Conversion Definition The process of converting the defense-industrial base to civilian productions, and attending to accompanying economic and social dislocations Term Economic Liberalism Definition Principles of economic interaction and organization that emphasize the importance of private ownership, free markets, and the unhampered flow of goods, capital and labor both within and between national economies Term Sensitivity Definition a condition in which policies or actions undertaken by one state bring about the reactions or policy changes by another state Term Vulnerability Definition A condition in which a state must absorb higher costs because it cannot pursue alternative policies Term Comparative Advantage Definition The benefits of specializing in goods that a state can produce relatively efficiently, even if that state is not the most efficient producer in an absolute sense Term Autarky Definition The benefits of specializing in goods that a state can produce relatively efficiently, even if that state is not the most efficient producer in an absolute sense Term Protectionism Definition a policy of restricting, but not eliminating, imports in an effort to maintain or nurture the economic viability of domestic industries Term Tariffs Definition Taxes or duties levied on imported goods in order to raise revenue or to regulate the flow of foreign goods into a country Term Nontariff Barriers to Trade (NTBs) Definition a protectionist measure such as a quota, voluntary export restriction, subsidy, boycott, or embargo Term Economic Nationalism Definition An appeal designed to decrease demand for foreign goods in an effort to sustain the viability of certain domestic industries, and especially to protect jobs. Term Collective Good Definition A good, provided to the collective, that cannot be consumed exclusively by those who pay for it, or denied to those who don't; also called public good. Term Free-Rider Dilemma Definition A situation in which individuals who stand to benefit from a collective good have no incentive to contribute, thus threatening the provision of the good. Term Reciprocity Definition A strategy or pattern of behavior in which one actor undertakes similar action in response to actions directed towards it. Term Regime Definition The complete set of rules that govern behavior in some specified area of international relations Term Monetary Regime Definition An arrangement to help states manage their exchange rates, maintain their reserves currencies, and regulate the movement of international capital Term Fixed Exchange Rates Definition An aspect of monetary regime in which foreign currency values are pegged to a common currency, like the U.S. dollar Term IMF Conditionality Definition The right of the Internationak Monetary Fund to exercise some supervision over a borrower's economic policies, monetary or fiscal, as a condition for a loan. Term Floating Exchange Rates Definition An aspect of monetary regime in which foreign currency values vary relative to each other in response to supply and demand in currency market Term Strategic Trade Definition A trade policy in which the state promotes certain export industries by providing government subsidies or other forms of assistance Term Embedded Liberalism Definition A pursuit of liberal economic policies while cushioning society against the the dislocations caused by exposure to international market forces Term Economic Integration Definition The creation of a single market out of a number of separate markets previously defined by national boundaries Term Free Trade Area Definition an area where tariffs within the community are dismantled, but without common tariffs imposed on imports from outside the community as called for by a customs union Term Customs Union Definition A grouping of national economies that imposr a common set of tariffs on imports from countris outside of the group Term Pooled Sovereignty Definition The nature of authority existing in a complex of intergovernmental and supernational organizations, such as those comprising the European Union Term Property Rights Definition The ability to freely choose how to use or dispense with a particular good or service Term Assurance Game Definition A game in which moving from a socially suboptimal to the socially optimal requires some confidence that the other players will not defect Term Transaction Costs Definition The expenditure of resources required to negotiate, moniter, and enforce contracts Term Transnational Relations Definition The multiplicity of interactions that bypass the governtments of states and impact directly on their domestic environments Term Complex Interdependence Definition The idea that interdependence elevates the importance of nonstate actors, international economic issues, and the resolution of conflict using nonmilitary means Term North-South Gap Definition The descrepancy in development levels, both economic and human Term Modernization Theory Definition A perspective that attributes underdevelopment in the Global South to the features of traditional society, which will become transformed over time Term Terms of Trade Definition The value of exported goods relative to imported goods, which has generally favored manufactured goods over commodoties Term Import Substituion Industrialization Definition A strategy of promoting industrial development by substitutiing domestically manufactured goods for imported ones Term Dependency Theories Definition A perspective that attributes underdevelpoment in the Global South to the unequal economic relationships linking industrialized and nonindustrialized countries. Term Self-Relience Definition A policy of minimizing or eliminating ties to other economies in an attempt to bring an end to foreign penetration and dependence Term Basic-Needs Strategy Definition An approach to development combining local economic incentives with provision of essentials to the population, like subsidized food, health care, and education Term New International Economic Order (NIEO) Definition Economic arrangements more favorable to the South, including commodity price stabilization, development assistance and debt relief Term Cartel Definition A group of countries often able to exercise influence over the market price of a particular good or commodity throught coordinated production and distribution Term Export-Led Industrialization Definition A strategy of specializing in the production and export of select manufactured goods in the hopes that other industrial sectors will also benefit Term Contagion Definition A process of spreading currency crises that may be driven as much by geography and trade patterns as by economic and financial weaknesses in the affiliated countries Term Tragedy of the Commons Definition The threat to shared resources that comes from individuals having few inceintives to curb their destructive behavoir Term Common-Poll Resources Definition Natural resources that do not belong to any specific state and therefore do not fall under a states sovereign jurisdiction Term Coase Theorem Definition States that, when property rights are well-defined, there will be no market failures, including failures of the type assocoiated with trageties of the commons Term Sustainable Development Definition The pursuit of human, economic, and social development while at the same time preserving the ecological systems on which development depends Term Demographic Transition Definition A process of falling death rates and then falling birth rates experienced by developing societies, in the middle stages of which population growth is at its highest Term Spaceship Earth Definition A metaphor likening earth to a spaceship with limited resources, in which human kind must learn to sustain itself without exhausting the ship's resevoirs Term Global Warming Definition A gradual increase in world temperatures, the permenence, effects, and causes of which are debated Term Ozone Layer Definition Threatened by co2 and other emissions, an atmospheric that screens out cancer causing ultraviolet radiation from the sun Term Deforestation Definition The clearing, fragmenting, or degredation of forests Term Biodiversity Definition The number and variety of living things on earth Term LIfeboat Ethics Definition A metaphor likening the earth to a lifeboat, and the view about the sharing of resources discourages responsible behavior and thereby threatening to submerge the boat Term Human Nature Definition Realists argue that people are greedy, only want power, are aggressive and will always cause conflict Term Long Peace Definition The period of time that we are currently in, during which the major powers of the world have avoided war Term Information Revolution Definition Cannot keep expectations low because of the increases in technology and their availability Term Differential Growth Definition The inevitable growth of countries at different speeds Term Prisoners Dilemma Definition A game in which the best strategy for both opponents is to defect, but that yeilds an outcome worse than the one achieved by mutual cooperation Term Jus In Bellum Definition Justice in war Term Jus ad bellum Definition laws governing entry into war Term Super Intendent Principle Definition Officer in charge is in charge and responsible for the actions and behavior of his subordinates Term Veil of Ignorance Definition The idea that the best agreement comes from ignorance of whether you will be the victim or the perpetrator Term Positive Peace Definition Salaam, peace were the idea of war is not even considered as an option to solving conflict Term Negative Peace Definition Sulah, peace but with the expectation and preparation for war, or military repression of war Term Imperial Overstreth Definition When countries take on too many commitments abroad, spend too much on defense, resource base eventually cannot keep up. Leads to internal decay Term 3 Drivers of Economic Growth Definition technology 1/2, labor force, 1/4, natural resources 1/4 Term Trade Off Definition Cannot have everything, defense vs. civilian Term Minimalist Government Definition Small, limited government, government should stay out of the business of business Term Free Trade Definition Trade without interference by government interference or trade barriers Term Laissez Faire Definition Free market, government should stay out of business and the stock market Term Smoot-Hawley Law Definition Put tariffs on imported goods, to promote production of own goods vs. abroad, protectionism Term Devalue Currency Definition tariff wars, lessens debt, makes exports more affordable/valuable Term Public Goods Definition Goods with joint-supply and non-exclusiveness Term Joint-Supply Definition Goods or services that many people can enjoy without getting in the way of other peoples enjoyment Term Non-Exclusiveness Definition A good or service that once provided can be available to anyone to enjoy without paying Term Free Ride Definition The enjoyment and use of goods or services without paying, because of joint supply and non-exclusiveness Term Collective Action Definition People voluntarily contributing to have public goods Term Hegemonic Stability Theory Definition The most powerful steps in to provide public goods Term GATT Definition General agreements on trade and tarrifs. Term Fragmentation Definition Now in a zone of peace, in other zones where war and anarchy still exist Term Supranationalism Definition government institution that can overrule the state government Term Lawful Combatants Definition uniforms, observe laws of war, organized chain of command, carry arms openly Term Failed State Definition state without any central authority Term Private Militia Definition serparate from governments, run rackets, running free Term HDI Definition human development index, by the UN. Determined by income, purchasing power, literacy, life expectancy Term Forced Ride Definition Forcing others to suffer the consequence of one action Term Commons Definition Piece of property everyone has right to access Term First Strike Capability Definition The ability to launch an attack on an enemy first and greatly reduce their chances or capabilities of retaliation