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| The continuously evolving totality of leaned and shared meanings, rituals, norms, and traditions among the memebers of an organization or society. |
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| The manner in which society adapts to its habitatit, i.e., the distribution of resources within an industrialized country versus a developing country; the desire for efficiency, space-saving devices, or green products. |
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| The organization of relationships in a society. |
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| The manner in which indivduals related to their enviroment and to others, including their attitudes toward time, space, possessions, and referent others. |
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| The vehicle used for communication in a particular culture; includes spoken and written language and nonverbal communication. |
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| The language used in conversation/ the language used in written communications. |
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| All communication that is not written or spoken; includes body language, gestures, facial expressions eye contact, and silence. |
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| Individuals' physical postures during conversation. |
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| Individuals' positioning relative to their counterparts during conversation. |
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| The use or avoidance of eye contact during communication. |
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| The timing of verbal exchanges. |
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| The use of touch while conversing. |
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| The movement of part of the body in order to communicate. |
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| Thenonverbal aspects of speech that include intonation, accents, and the quality of voice. |
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| An individual's physical attire and overall grooming. |
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| The use of odors to convey messages. |
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| A society's relationship to the supernatural. |
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| cultures in which the context of a message- the message source, the source's standing in society or in a group, his or her expertise, tone of voice and body language- are all meaningful parts of the message. |
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| Cultures in which what is said is precisely what is meant so that the verbal message carries the full meaning of the sentence. |
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| Enduring beliefs about a specific mode of conduct or desirable end-state that guide the selection or evaluation of beahvior. |
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| The process by which individuals learn the beliefs and behaviors endorsed by their own culture. |
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| The act of learning a new culture; encompasses intercultural interaction and adaptation. |
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| The act of abandoning all home-coming traditions while learning a new culture. |
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| Rules that dictate what is right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable in a society. |
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| The norms referring to what individuals must or must not do in a certain culture. |
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| The norms that refer to activities that are appropriate only for locals and from which individuals from a foreign country are excluded. |
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| The norms that refer to customs that a foreign national may engage in but is not necessarily expected to do so. |
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| national and regional character |
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Definition
| A set of behavior and personality characteristics shared by individuals of a certain country or region. |
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| The interpretation of time as linear, such that individuals do one thing at a time, and in sequence. |
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| The interpretation of time as fluid, such that individuals can accomplish multiple tasks at once. |
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| The manner in which individuals view time in relation to accomplishing tasks. |
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| The norms regarding the gifts that are appropriate to give to others. |
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| The roles that women and men are expected to hold in a society. |
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| The value placed on symbols of status and on the attainment of high status in a society. |
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| Individuals' degree of concern with material possessions. |
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| the classification of cultures on a number of dimensions, or continuums; Hofstede classified cultures on the dimensions of collectivism, masculinity, power distance, and uncertainity avoidence. |
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| the manner in which interpersonal relationships are formed when differences in power are perceived. |
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| The extent to which individuals are threatened by uncertainty, risk, and ambiguous situations and thus adopt beliefs, behaviors, and institutions that help them to avoid the uncertainty. |
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| The degree to which a national culture is characterized by assertiveness, rather than nurturing. |
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| The degree to which a national culture is characterized by nurturing, rather than assertive, values. |
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| The degree to which people in a country prefer to act as individuals, in their self-interest. |
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| The degree to which individuals prefer to act in the interest of the group, rather than in their own self interest. |
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| Indivuals' conscious and unconscious reference to their own national culture, to home-country norms and values, and to their knowledge and experience in the process of making deciosions in the host country. |
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| The belief that one's culture is superior to another and that strategies used in one's home country (presumably a developed country) will work just as well internationally. |
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| global consumer culture positioning |
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Definition
| Marketing programs appealing to individuals who want to be part of a global consumer culture by purchasing a brand that is a symbol of that culture. |
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Term
| local consumer culture positioning |
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Definition
| Positioning that associates the brand with local cultural meanings, reflecting the local culture, and portrayed as consumed by locals and/or depicted as locally produced for local people. |
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| foreign consumer culture positioning |
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Definition
| The positioning of a particular brand as symbolic of a desired foreign culture. |
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