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| Acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior. This knowledge forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behavior |
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| Basic convictions that people have regarding what is right and wrong, good and bad, important and unimportant |
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| The extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally |
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| Measures how people react in unknown, ambiguous, and strange situations. |
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| The tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family only |
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| The tendency of people to belong to groups or collectives and to look after each other in exchange for loyalty |
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| A culture in which the dominant values in society are success, money, and things. |
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| A culture in which the dominant values in society are caring for others and the quality of life |
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| (smallest space analysis) A nonparametric multivariate analysis. Maps the relationship among countries by showing the distance between each. |
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| the belief that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere in the world without modification. |
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| The belief that circumstances dictate how ideas and practices should be applied and something cannot be done the same everywhere |
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| Refers to people regarding themselves as part of a group |
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| A culture in which emotions are held in check |
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| A culture in which emotions are expressed openly and naturally |
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| A culture in which individuals have a large public space they readily share with others and a small private space they guard closely and share with only close friends and associates |
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| A culture in which public space and private space are similar in size and individuals guard their public space carefully, because entry into public space affords entry into private space as well |
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| A culture in which people are accorded status based on how well they perform their functions |
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| A culture in which status is attributed based on who or what a person is |
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| A multi-country study and evaluation of cultural attributes and leadership behaviors among more than 17,000 managers from 825 organizations in 62 countries |
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| Ethnocentric predisposition |
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| A nationalistic philosophy of management whereby the values and interests of the parent company guide strategic decisions |
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| Polycentric predisposition |
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| A philosophy of management whereby strategic decisions are tailored to suit the cultures of the countries where the MNC operates |
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| Regiocentric predisposition |
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| A philosophy of management whereby the firm tries to blend its own interests with those of its subsidiaries on a regional basis |
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| Geocentric predisposition |
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| A philosophy of management whereby the company tries to integrate a global systems approach to decision making |
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| A belief that one worldwide approach to doing business is the key to both efficiency and effectiveness |
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| The tendency to view the world through one's own eyes and perspectives |
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| The process of exhibiting the same orientation toward different culture groups |
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| In China, it means "good connections" |
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| Shared values and beliefs that enable members to understand their roles and the norms of the organization |
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| A culture that is characterized by a strong emphasis on hierarchy and orientation to the person |
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| A culture that is characterized by strong emphasis on hierarchy and orientation to the task |
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| A culture that is characterized by strong emphasis on equality in the workplace and orientation to the task |
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| A culture that is characterized by strong emphasis on equality and orientation to the person |
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| a group in which members have similar backgrounds and generally perceive, interpret, an evaluate events in similar ways |
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| all members but one have the same background, such as a group of Japanese retailers and a British attorney |
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| which tow or more members represent each of two distinct cultures, such as four Mexicans and four Taiwanese who have formed a team to investigate the possibility of investing in a venture |
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| there are individuals from three or more different ethnic backgrounds, such as three US, three German, three Uruguayan, and three Chinese managers who are looking into mining operations in South Africa |
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| social conformity and pressures on individual members of a group to conform and reach consensus |
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| the process of transferring meanings from sender to receiver |
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| information that surrounds a communication and helps to convey the message |
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| the transmission of information from superior to subordinate |
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| the transfer of meaning from subordinate to superior |
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| A person's view of reality |
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| the transfer of meaning through means such as body language and the use of physical space |
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| the study of communication through body movement and facial expressions |
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| the areas of communication that deals with conveying messages through the use of eye contact and gaze |
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| communicating through the use of bodily contact |
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| the study of the way people use space to convey messages |
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| distance between people that is used for very confidential communications |
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| in communicating, the physical distance used for talking with family and close friends |
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| in communicating, the distance used to handle most business transactions |
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| in communicating, the distance used when calling across the room or giving a talk to a group |
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| the way in which time is used in culture |
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| Monochromic time schedule |
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| a time schedule in which things are done in a linear fashion |
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| Polychronic time schedule |
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| a time schedule in which people tend to do several things at the same time and place higher value on personal involvement that on getting things done on time |
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| the use of color to communicate messages |
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| bargaining with one or more parties for the purpose of arriving at a solution acceptable to all |
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