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Intelligence
Psychology by Daniel
35
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/16/2011

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Cards

Term
Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon
Definition
those who came up with aptitude test for learning independent of the child's prior education achievement
-Suggest that teachers could use the test to estimate a child's mental level, using the average score method.
Term
William Stern
Definition
who thought that mental level should be considered as mental age.
Term
Lewis Terman
Definition
who formalized intelligence quotient, or ratio IQ
Term
Henry Goddard
Definition
who test immigrants'intelligence at Ellis Island
Term
(mental age/physical age)*100
Definition
Formula for ratio IQ
Term
100
Definition
Average IQ
Term
(individual score/average score of people in same age group)*100
Definition
Formula of deviation IQ
Term
Standford-Binet (modified by Lewis Terman and his colleagues at Stanford Uni)
Definition
The most wildly used intelligence tests
Term
hypothetical properties presumed underlying abilities that explains both responses to test items and performance on intelligence-requiring tasks Ch consequential behaviors.
Definition
how an intelligence test is built
Term
Charles Spearman
Definition
who conclude that a two-factor theory was appropriate for describing the nature of intellectual performance
Term
factor analysis
Definition
a statistical technique that explains a large number of correlations in terms of a small number of underlying factors
Term
two-factor theory of intelligence
Definition
Spearman's theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a general ability (which he called g) and skills that are specific to the task (which he called s)
Term
Louis Thurstone
Definition
who argued that there were a few stable and independent mental abilities such as perceptual ability, verbal ability, and numerical ability, which he called the primary mental abilities.
Term
general intelligence (g)at the top, specific abilities (s) at the bottom, and a small number of middle-level abilities (m), sometimes called group factors, in the middle
Definition
three level of hierarchy of intelligence
Term
bottom-up approach
Definition
starting with the data collected and then looking to see what kinds of independent clusters these responses form.
Term
bottom-up approach -> fluid intelligence
Definition
the ability yo process information
Term
bottom-up approach -> crystallized intelligence
Definition
the accuracy and amount of information available for processing
Term
top-down approach
Definition
starting with a broad survey of human abilities and then looking to see which of these abilities intelligence tests measure
Term
Robert Sternberg
Definition
who thinks that there are 3 kinds of intelligence: analytical intelligence creative intelligence and practical intelligence.
Term
linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and naturalistic.
Definition
top-down approach -> eight characteristics suggested by Howard Gardner
Term
memory and learning, visual perception, auditory perception, retrieval ability, cognitive speediness, processing speed, crystallized intelligence, and fluid intelligence
Definition
bottom-up approach -> eight characteristics suggested by Carroll
Term
analytical intelligence
Definition
the ability to identify and define problems and to find strategies to solve them.
Term
creative intelligence
Definition
the ability to generate solutions that other people do not
Term
practical intelligence
Definition
the ability to apply and implement these solutions in everyday settings.
Term
prodigy
Definition
a person of normal intelligence who has an extraordinary ability
Term
savant
Definition
a person of low intelligence who has an extraordinary ability
Term
intelligence
Definition
a hypothetical mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, and learn from their experiences.
Term
identical twins (mono-zygotic twins)
Definition
twins who develop fom the splitting of a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm
Term
fraternal twins (dizygotic twins)
Definition
twins who develop from two different eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm
Term
heritability coefficient
Definition
estimates the percent of difference between intelligence scores of different people that is due to genes
-can change depending on the group of people measured
Term
Sir Francis Galton
Definition
who studied the physical and psychological traits that appeared to run in families.
Term
0.86
Definition
IQ correlation between monozygotic twins raised together
Term
0.60
Definition
IQ correlation between dizygotic twins raised together
Term
shared environment
Definition
those environmental factors that are experienced by all relevant members of a household
Term
non-shared environment
Definition
those environmental factors that are not shared by all relevant members of a household
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