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| two layer of vertebrate skin |
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| keratinocytes and melanocytes are contained in the |
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| cells that produce water proofing protein keratin |
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| cells that produce melanin for keratinocyte |
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| brownish pigment, creates a barrier to UV |
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| protection (injury, dehydration, UV, pathogens), temperature control, stimuli, vitamen d production |
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| what kind of tissue is the dermis made of/ |
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| connective (with both elastin and collagen) |
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| does the dermis contain blood vessels? |
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| does the dermis contain sweat and oil glands |
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| does the dermis contain nerves? |
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| anchors dermis to structures below, connective tissue and adipose tissue for insulation and cushioning |
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| where the hair root is embedded into the dermis |
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| dead flattened cells around hair shaft |
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| where do hair cells come from |
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| skin cells that make polypeptide chain of keratin |
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| three polypeptide chains coiled into one |
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| several microfibers coiled into cable like fiber |
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| hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton |
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| how do insects use their exoskeleton to flap their wings? |
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Definition
| muscles contract, exoskeleton pops out, wings move up. Muscles relax, exoskeleton pops back, wings move down |
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| movement, support and anchor muscles, enclose and protect internal organs, store calcium and phosphorus, produce blood cells |
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| how many major bones in the human skeleton? |
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| two major divisions of the skeleton |
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| appendicular skeleton consists sof |
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| pectoral girdle and upper extremeties, and the pelvic girdle and lower extremeties |
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| axial skeleton consists of |
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| skull, rib cage, vertebral column |
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| two types of tissue in long bones |
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| where red marrow is found |
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| central cavity of the long bone contains |
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| converts into red marrow then makes blood cells when necessary |
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| compact bone consists of (blank) systems |
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| thin, cylindrical dense layers around interconnecting canals for blood supply and nervous tissue |
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| bone tissue is first formed in embryos from |
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| secrete enzymes that degrade bone |
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| reason for bone remodeling |
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| adjust bone strength and helps maintain blood calcium and phosphorus levels |
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| fibrous, cartilagenous, and synovial |
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Term
| what kind of joints do fetal skulls have? |
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| cartilaginous joints allow for |
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| move freely, ligaments connect bones |
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| depresses thoracic cavity and bends backbone |
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| bends thigh at hip, bends lower leg at knee |
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| flexes thigh at hip, wxtends leg at knee |
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| hamstring, draws thigh backward, bends knee |
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| calf, bends lower leg at knee |
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| each muscle fiber contains many |
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| myofibrils are made up of |
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| actin and myosin are arranged into |
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| basic unit of muscle contraction |
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| two strands of pearls twisted together |
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| myosin molecules look like |
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| a golf club with two heads |
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| connection of motor neuron and skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| membranous wrapping around myofibrils |
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| at rest binding site between actin and myosin is blocked by what |
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Definition
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| upon stimulation, calcium ions diffuse into myofibril and biegin binding to |
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Definition
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| eventually, calcium ions cause troponin to |
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Definition
| change shape and slide off myosin binding site |
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| with troponin and tropomyosin gone, myosin is free to bind with |
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Definition
| actin, and contraction occurs |
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Term
| three pathways that supply atp to power muscle contractions |
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Definition
| dephosphorylation of creatine phophate, aerobic respiration, and glycolysis (anaerobic resp) |
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Term
| dephosphorylation of creatine phosphate |
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Definition
| creatine phosphate donates phosphate to ADP to make ATP, left iwth creatine (good for few quick contractions) |
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Definition
| body uses glucose from blood stream and oxygen to make ATP (good for prolonged moderate excercise) |
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| glucose broken down withoutoxygen, necessary when respiratory system can't keep up (byproduct is lactic acid) |
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| muscle tension exceeds load and muscle shortens |
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| muscle tension does not exceed load and thus lengthens |
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| one neuron and all the muscle cells that it forms juncitons with, each muscle consists of many motor units |
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| initial response of muscle cell (50 milliseconds to contract and relax) |
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| sustained contraction resulting from repeated stimulation of motor unit |
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| what will happen if muscle is kept in tetanus for too long |
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