Term
Crib biting, cribbing and wind-sucking are variously referred to as a neurosis, acquired habit or vice or a compulsion.
T/F |
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Definition
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Term
It is now accepted that although wind is sucked in that it is probably not swallowed into the stomach but mainly occupies the pharynx
T/F |
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Definition
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Term
It appears that cribbing in horses probably only began during the last 200 years or so, and was directly related to confinement practices.
T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| In the previous picture, be best guess would be that this horse is under 4½ years and is probably under/over 2½ years of age? |
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Definition
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Term
| Therapy for cribbing might include: (4 answers) |
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Definition
Reducing confinement
Mechanical devices to restrict neck flexion or ability to grasp with incisors
Opiate blocker
Surgical myotomies (with some muscle removal) or neurotomies23 |
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Term
It is possible for a cribbing horse to be for all appearances including ability to race or work, to be otherwise normal
T/F |
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Definition
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Term
It is probable that crib biting has a genetic component.
T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| It is probable that all “diseases” even infectious or traumatic have a genetic component. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| How about retinal bleeds or detachment secondary to bungee jumping? T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The most important single cause of serious sequelae to heartworm infections may well be |
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Definition
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Term
| Although considering the above three causes, all three causes of sequelae (host immune response, duration of infection, # of heartworm infections) are probably important factors. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Jugular vein distension in CS is consistent with pulmonary hypertension. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Jugular vein distension in CS is consistent with large numbers of heartworms in the right atrium and right ventricle. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| L5 larvae halfway (90 days) to being breeding patent adults most commonly lodge in these vessels initially before maturing to breeding adults. |
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Definition
| Distal Pulmonary arteries/arterioles |
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Term
| If the adult heartworms move in a retrograde fashion after occupying the pulmonary arteries the first valve they will encounter is the ___________ valve followed by the __________ with which they can sometimes become entangled. |
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Definition
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Term
Using the clock face analogy, place the best correct structures for the time intervals indicated in this lateral view.
12-2 |
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Definition
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Term
Using the clock face analogy, place the best correct structures for the time intervals indicated in this lateral view.
2-5 |
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Definition
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Term
Using the clock face analogy, place the best correct structures for the time intervals indicated in this lateral view.
5-9 |
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Definition
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Term
Using the clock face analogy, place the best correct structures for the time intervals indicated in this lateral view.
9-10 |
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Definition
| Pulmonary Trunk and Right Auricle |
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Term
Using the clock face analogy, place the best correct structures for the time intervals indicated in this lateral view.
10-11 |
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Definition
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Term
Using the clock face analogy, place the best correct structures for the time intervals indicated in this lateral view.
11-12 |
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Definition
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Term
Images from Dr. Rachael MoonQ#7: Using the clock face analogy, place the best correct structures for the time intervals indicated in this VD view.
11-1 |
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Definition
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Term
Images from Dr. Rachael MoonQ#7: Using the clock face analogy, place the best correct structures for the time intervals indicated in this VD view.
1-2 |
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Definition
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Term
Images from Dr. Rachael MoonQ#7: Using the clock face analogy, place the best correct structures for the time intervals indicated in this VD view
2-3 |
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Definition
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Term
Images from Dr. Rachael MoonQ#7: Using the clock face analogy, place the best correct structures for the time intervals indicated in this VD view.
3-5 |
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Definition
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Term
Images from Dr. Rachael MoonQ#7: Using the clock face analogy, place the best correct structures for the time intervals indicated in this VD view.
5-9 |
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Definition
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Term
Images from Dr. Rachael MoonQ#7: Using the clock face analogy, place the best correct structures for the time intervals indicated in this VD view.
9-11 |
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Definition
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Term
| : Considering the previous slide with possible preoperative medications, several of these agents might impact the host immune reaction to the heartworms, but the two medications that probably most conventionally and directly impact this immune reaction are ____________________ |
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Definition
| corticosteroids and antihistamines |
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Term
| : Considering the location of the adult heartworms in the caval syndrome affected dog and the normal anatomy of the heart and its great veins it is best from an access standpoint to do the venotomy for the transvenous procedure with the dog on its _____________ side down and use the ____________ external jugular vein. |
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Definition
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Term
| Considering the two dogs that never regained consciousness and were thus euthanized, the probable reason for this was due to ___________________ affecting this major region _________________of the brain. If consciousness had been regained what disability might have been discovered _______________reflecting damage to this large area __________________of the major region of the brain. All of these signs tend to be related to differences in the _________________ needs of regions of the brain with different levels of _________________ activity. |
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Definition
Hypoxia
Cerebrum
Blindness
Visual cortex of the occipital
oxygen
metabolic |
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Term
| What are a couple of reasons for the recommendation of the strict rest for a minimum of 1 month? |
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Definition
You don’t want large numbers of adult or sick worms dislodging at the simultaneously.
You don’t want any more stress to the myocardium; use Beta blockers and Calcium channel blockers in untreatable coronary artery disease. |
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Term
| The two most ominous predictors for short survival time following surgery for heartworm caval syndrome were _______________ and _____________, with in this study 0% survival when both factors were present. |
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Definition
High ALT level
Presence of heart worms in pulmonary trunk |
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Term
| Name three areas where mesothelial tissue occurs normally |
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Definition
Pleura
Pericardium
Peritoneum |
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Term
| where is an additional site where we might find mesotheliomas on occasion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cardiac tamponade causing heart failure is most likely to be _____________ sided failure |
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Definition
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Term
| In general _________ sided heart failure is more likely to produce ascites and ________ sided failure is more likely to produce pleural effusion at least initially in the disease process |
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Definition
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Term
| This retrospective study was probably conducted because the authors wanted to help document that the location of masses detected on echocardiographs of dogs with pericardial effusion have large implications in terms of survival and etiology. |
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Definition
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Term
| Considering the preceding table and the sensitivity and specificity of the echocardiographic analysis, it is more likely that a cardiac mass will be: |
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Definition
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Term
| Thus considering the previous two slides we can say that when evaluating pericardial effusion and the possibility this effusion is due to a cardiac mass that the echocardiographic analysis can be expected to have better _______________ than _________________ and thus the weakness of the technique is that it is more likely that ___________________________________________________. |
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Definition
Specificity
Sensitivity
A cardiac mass will be missed when present |
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Term
| A cardiac mass will be diagnosed when it is not present would be considered a |
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Definition
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Term
| A cardiac mass will be missed when it is present would be considered a |
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Definition
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Term
| Thus repeated echocardiographic examinations would increase the sensitivity/specificity of the procedure, that is there would be fewer false negatives/positives. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to this report , more than any other cause for pericardial effusion it was due to an ________________, and that this lesion was almost always found in the ________________. |
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Definition
| Hemangiosarcoma, right atrium |
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Term
| The pericardial cavity, pleural cavities and the abdominal cavity and cranial portion of the pelvic cavity as well as extensions such as vaginal processes are all the same in being lined by a serous membrane of mesodermal origin which is simple squamous epithelium called |
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Definition
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Term
| these cells normally produce a slick protein containing serous fluid to lubricate the opposing surfaces of these body cavities. So it makes sense that these cells might try to maintain their lubricating function by reacting to abnormal masses by increasing/decreasing their fluid production. Also because the fluid must ultimately come from the vascular system, then it would also make sense that in the event of increased hydrostatic pressure in the venous system (as in heart failure) that there might be an increase/decrease in the net production of this fluid which under these circumstances would likely be a fairly watery effusion of a transudate nature. |
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Definition
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Term
| A fluid substance which has passed through a membrane or been extruded from the blood as a result of hydrodynamic forces (altered hydraulic and/or oncotic pressure gradients) is called a __________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Considering question # 12, a _________________ in contrast to an ______________, is characterized by high fluidity and a low content of protein, cells, or of solid materials derived from cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| The EKG recorded from the surface of the body is a volume conducted potential and so consistent with this in dogs with pericardial effusion and even pleural and peritoneal effusion as well, we would likely see a _____________________ in the amplitude of the EKG waves |
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Definition
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Term
| electrical alternans: alternating variations in the amplitude of specific electrocardiographic waves over successive cardiac cycles. True/False |
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Definition
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Term
| alanine transaminase (ALT):an enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group from alanine to α-ketoglutarate to form glutamate and pyruvate, with pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor. The reaction transfers nitrogen for excretion or for incorporation into other compounds. The enzyme is found in serum and body tissues, especially in the _________________ thus often elevated in _____________diseases with “leaky cells”. Called also alanine aminotransferaseand glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(GPT). |
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Definition
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Term
| aspartate transaminase (AST):an enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group from aspartate to α-ketoglutarate to form glutamate and oxaloacetate, with pyridoxal phosphate required as a cofactor. The enzyme is present in most ___________________cells, occurring as distinct isozymes in mitochondria and cytosol. Both isozymes participate in the malate-aspartate shuttle, and in the liver the reaction transfers excess metabolic nitrogen into aspartate for disposal via the urea cycle. The serum level of aspartate transaminase (SGOT) and that of other transaminases are frequently elevated in a variety of disorders causing tissue damage (e.g., myocardial infarction $: and many others including somatic muscle). Called also aspartate aminotransferaseand glutamic-oxaloacetictransaminase(GOT). SGOT (Serum) |
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Definition
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Term
Feline Hypertension is probably more common than previously thought.
T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The gold standard for recording blood pressure is the ______ method and involves catherization of a/an _______ and the use of a pressure transducer and is more complicated in terms of patient discomfort and time than the _______ method now being used with increased frequency as part of the gathering of initial data on each patient entering the hospital. |
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Definition
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Term
| Considering the Oscillometric and Doppler methods of the _______ measurement of blood pressure, the _______ method records both the systolic and diastolic pressures, and the _______ method records only the _______ pressure |
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Definition
Indirect
Oscillometric
doppler
systolic |
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Term
| Things which may impact the accuracy of the blood pressures recorded during the visit of an animal to a veterinary clinic include stress of the animal (white-coat effect), personality and movement of the animal, environmental activity and sound level, and age of the animal. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Making a single or at most two blood pressure recordings using an oscillometric or Doppler method is usually adequate when making routine recordings in a primary care facility. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Sustained systemic hypertension can lead to organ failure in 4 major organs systems |
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Definition
Renal
Ocular
Nervous
Cardiovascular |
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Term
| Feline hypertension is most commonly |
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Definition
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Term
| It is currently recommended by the ACVIM guidelines that feline hypertension be pharmacologically treated at the ____ level |
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Definition
| Risk Category III, 160-179 mmHg, Moderate |
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Term
| This particular article recommended taking the blood pressure using a _____ method |
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Definition
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Term
| It usually only takes one day to establish a diagnosis of hypertension in a cat. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Even if the underlying disease causing the hypertension can be adequately resolved the hypertension may remain. This is likely due to a persistence of _____ disease |
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Definition
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Term
| A good target for the maintenance of blood pressure in a previously hypertensive cat is something under ____mmHg and not less than _____ (both systolic) |
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Definition
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Term
| The blood pressure in a previously hypertensive cat when under pharmacological control should probably be reassessed every 1-4 ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Sustained systemic hypertension can lead to organ failure in what four major organ systems |
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Definition
| Renal, ocular, nervous, cardiovascular |
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Term
| The two systems that may most likely require emergency type therapy are these two |
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Definition
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Term
| A technique of measuring some variable that gives the real value of that variable to within 2.5% and for application purposes we need to know the real value to within 5% to properly apply that knowledge without harming or drawing false conclusions about our patient, then we would say this technique was accurate/precise enough to be safely used |
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Definition
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Term
| A technique of measuring some variable when applied to the same sample multiple times gives a value "x" +/- 2.5% every time the sample is tested but the value "x" is 50% less than the real value we would say that this tehnique has good __ but not good ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| So in the accurate technique we are talking about having a good _______ while in the precise technique we are talking about having good _____ |
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Definition
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Term
When calculating "r" between two variables, if the value of group A goes up as the value of group b goes down, then the r value is probably _____ and if there seems to be no correlation between the two groups then the r value is probably ______ and if as group a goes up, b goes up, then the r is probably _____
.1, .8, -0.6 |
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Definition
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Term
| Why might rapid breathing affect the accuracy of PetCO2 verses PaCO2? |
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Definition
| Rapid respirations mightprevent there being enough time for equilibration of CO2 levels between the alveoli and the capillaries. |
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Term
| Rapid respirations might result in the PaCO2 being _____ than predicted by the PetCO2. |
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Definition
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Term
| Overall however, if no other problem was present we would expect the CO2 level to be _____ in both the expired air and the arterial blood |
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Definition
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Term
| In a normal ruby throated hummingbird that weights 2-3 grams, what is the normal the wings flaps per second _____ or faster during chasing flights, with heart rate of ____ beats per minute and the breathing rate of _____ beats per minute |
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Definition
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Term
| The gold standard for measuring CO2 levels relative to functional respiration is via blood gas analyzers using ___ samples |
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Definition
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Term
| Because of the physiological dead space we anticipate that when comparing PetCO2 to PaCO2 that usually the ______ collection method will indicate a higher CO2 level. For this same reason, but because of the higher % of )2 this difference tends to be accentuated by supplying )2 to the patient. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Considering this, if there is a thickened diffusion barrier in the alveolar walls (primary or secondary) the PaCO2/PetCO2 difference would likely be |
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Definition
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Term
| If the PaCO2/PetCO2 difference is increased, the PaO2 would likely be |
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Definition
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Term
| If we have the PetCO2, PaCO2 and the PaO2 we might be better able to talk about the possibility of a thickened diffusion barrier in the lungs. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The main stimulus for ANP release is a stretching of the walls of the atria, and thus which of the following would you expect to be possibly associated with increase ANP levels. |
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Definition
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
Right and Left AV regurgitation
Right and Left Ventricular failure |
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Term
| So the common denominator for increased levels of ANP is anything that causes ___ of the atrial walls which could result because of excessive ______ damming up in the ________ |
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Definition
| Stretching, Blood, Atrium |
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Term
| Atrial natriuetic peptides are elaborated in response to about anything which _____ |
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Definition
| causes a distention of the Left and right atria |
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Term
| The ANP's have their effect by _______ the GFR of the kidneys and by _________ sodium reabsorption from the collecting ducts, thus overall _____ the blood volume |
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Definition
Increasing
decreasing
decreasing |
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Term
| Coughing is always specific to primary respiratory disease. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Congestive heart failure in mature dogs in this study and in dogs across board is most commonly secondary to degenerative mitral valvular disease. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary respiratory disease in dogs in this study indicates that __________ followed by _______ are amont the two most common causes of primary respiratory disease in dogs with primary _______ being a distant 3rd |
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Definition
Small airway disease
upper airway disease
pneumonia |
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Term
| Considering the quirks of statistics and number of individuals etc. it is fairly obvious from this study that CHF or any cause of the _______ distension of the atria regardless of cause should _______ the secretion of ANP which should help at least to _______overall blood volume |
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Definition
Increased
increase
decrease |
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Term
| Primary lung disease seen as pulmonary hypertension such as when there is small vessel pulmonary disease would be expected to potentially cause stretching of the ____ atrium if the pulmonary hypertension results in right _________ failure and thus in this situation one would expect an __________ in ANP |
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Definition
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Term
| IN a real life situation the cutoff point for quantitative tests are a give and take situation in terms of sensitivity verses specificity with the cut off point being increased or decreased always affecting the sensitivity at the expense of the specificity or vice versa. T/F |
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Definition
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