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| way of encoding an Analytical response in electrical or non electrical signals |
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| device that indicates change in environment |
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| device that converts non electrical signals to electrical data |
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| device that is capable of monitoring a specific chemical species continuously and reversibly |
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| Examples of non electrical domains |
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| light, color, scale position, number(objects) |
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| Examples of electrical domains |
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| current, voltage, charge, frequency |
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| record the magnitude of electrical quantities |
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| record things that vary with time frequency, phase, pulse width |
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| record discrete values count,serial, parallel |
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| is a measure of random of indeterminate error associated with an analysis |
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| measure of determinate errors (operator, method) |
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| the minimum concentration or mass of analyte that can be detected at a known confidence level-which is dependent on the ratio of magnitude of analyte signal to the size of the statistical fluctuations of the blank |
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| A numerical quantity based on one or more characteristics of a system that represents a measure of the systems efficiency or effectiveness |
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| On a calibration plot the ________ the slope the more sensitive the machine |
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| Two things that can limit sensitivity |
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| slope of the calibration curve and the reproducibility or the precision of the measure device |
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| degree at which the method is free from interference by other species in the sample matrix |
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| a closed path that may be followed by and electrical current |
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| sum of current around any point in a circuit is zero |
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| sum of voltages around closed electrical loop is zero |
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| the amount of work done by an electrical current |
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| a device that provides potentials that are variable functions of an input voltage |
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| a device that provides potential that's continuously variable |
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| a device that converts the input analog signal to a number proportional to the magnitude of input voltage |
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| the most common periodic electrical signal |
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| A substance that contains no current carrying or charged species, it resists a change in voltage |
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| expression which in applied to any electrical system which impedes the flow of current |
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| a device used in precise measurement of voltage, current, and resistance- can also be used to provide a constant current and constant voltage |
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| A special type of OP amp- the output signal is connected to one of its inputs reading a signal feed back |
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| Gives you information about your analyte |
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| degrades accuracy and precision -can limit amounts of analyte detected |
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| A type of noise that is caused by temperature, pressure variations, changes in humidity, and light |
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| Types of Instrumental noise |
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| Thermal noise, Shot noise, Flicker noise |
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| a noise that is random and periodically produces voltage fluctuations that appear as readout noise |
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| Thermal noise is dependent on what? and independent on what? |
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| dependent on frequency bandwidth independent of frequency |
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| Thermal noise is also known as |
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| white noise or Johnson noise |
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| A noise that is caused when electrons or other charge particles cross a junction |
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| A noise whose cause is not understood but is characterized by the fact that its magnitude is inversely proportional to the frequency of the signal observed |
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| a noise that occurs when parts of the instrument act as an antenna which can pick up electromagnetic radiation and convert it to an electrical signal |
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| Ways to improve signal to noise |
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| Analog filtering, Modulation, signal chopping, lock in amplifiers, various software programs...... add math ways |
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| uses a low pass filter to remove high frequency components of the signal- this includes thermal and shot noise |
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| a process where the signal is either brought up or down- in an effort to separate it from noise- the noise filtered out and then the signal brought back to its original place |
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| Converts the signal into a square wave |
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| can be used when the S/N ratio is bad- but requires a reference signal with the same frequency and phase to work |
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