Principal output neurons of cerebral cortex

Located: layers 3, 5, 6

Dendrites: apical ascend vertically; basal at base

Axons: long to other cortex/subcortical sites

Stellate cells

Layer 4 + various others

Short axons which do not leave the cortex

Thalamocortical projections (from thalamus to cortex)

Terminate on stellate cells in layer 4

From Intralaminar thalamic nuclei, brainstem reticular formation (monoaminergic neurons), basal forebrain (cholinergic neurons)

To many layers of the cortex

Layer VI -> thalamus

Layver V -> non-cortical structures

Lesion Studies

Limited lesion leading to limited deficit suggests _____ of impaired functions.

Lesion Studies

Pros: Lesions can strike _____ brain structures.

Cons: Lesions often large, over many structures / Interference of brain function can be problematic.

Functional Neuroimaging - fMRI & PET

Measure changes in ___ flow or ____ levels, which correlate with changes in neuronal activity.

fMRI & PET

Pros: ___ spatial resolution (especially fMRI)

Cons: ___ temporal resolution (blood response)

Electrophysiology / ERP

Measure electrophysiological activity of neurons.

Activate/deactivate neuronal activity with _____.

ERP

Pros: ____ temporal resolution

Cons: ___ spatial resolution

Magnetoencephalography / MEG

Scalp-recorded _____ fields that are associated with _____ activity of neurons.

MEG

Pros: ___ temporal resolution

Cons: ___ spatial resolution

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / TMS

Activate/deactivate neurons with currents induced by localized pulsed magnetic field.

Pros: Multiple, local, ____ activations/deactivations

Cons: _____

Occipital Lobe

Posterior: low level _1_ processing

Middle: _2_ perception

Inferior: _3_ and form perception

Anterior inferior: _4_ recognition

1 visual

2 motion

3 color

4 object

Temporal Lobe

Superior: _1_ perception and recognition

Inferior: _2_ object recognition

Lateral: Long-term _3_ for words, etc

Medial: Learning _4_ words, etc

1. auditory

2 visual

3 memory

4 new

Parietal Lobe

Anterior: _1_ (touch) perception

Posterior: _2_ & _3_ integration for movement

Superior: Tactile and _4_ processing

Inferior: Skilled _5_; phonology

1 somatosensory

2 touch

3 visual

4 spatial

5 movement

Frontal Lobe

Motor: _1_ motor

Premotor: _2_ programming

Prefrontal
Broca's motor: Speech, grammar, reading

Orbital: Smell, sex, social behavior

DLPF: short-term memory 

1 low-level

2 motor

Cerebral cortex

Hippocampus

Basal Ganglia

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Pons

Cerebellum

Olfactory

sense of smell

Optic

sense of vision

Oculomotor

movements of eye and eyelid

parasympathetic control of pupil size

Trochlear

movements of the eye

Trigeminal

sensation of touch to the face

 movement of muscles of mastication

Abducens

movements of the eye

Facial

movement of muscles of facial expression

 sense of taste in anterior 2/3 of tongue

Auditory-vestibular

sense of hearing and balance

Glossopharyngeal

movement of throat muscles (oropharynx)

 parasympathetic control of salivary glands

 sense of taste in posterior 1/3 of tongue

 detection of bp changes in aorta

Vagus

parasympathetic control of heart, lungs & abdominal organs

 sense of pain in viscera

 movement of throat muscles (oropharynx)

Spinal Accessory

movement of muscles in throat and neck

Hypoglossal

movement of tongue

hearing, memory processing

integration of hearing, vision & touch

primary sensory area: pain, temperature, touch & pressure

reading disabilities

gustatory sensation

processing of visual information

damage = blindnes

lowest part

heart rate and respiration

relay between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord

visual & auditory reflex patterns

controls pituitary hormonal secretions

controls visceral nervous system (glands, etc)

apetite, thirst, temperature

circulate gyrus & parahippocampal gyrus

motivation, memory, emotion

shock absorber, nutrition & waste, compensate for intercranial blood volume changes

700 mL/day

obstruction to outflow via venus/sinus system = hydrocephalus (congenital better than acquired)

Last site of summation before signal is transmitted down the axon.

Lots of tight junctions.

Highest density of voltage-gated Na channels.

Extensions of the cell body that branch distally.

Receive/transmit signals via specialized receptors.

Not myelinated.

Region of axon between adjacent myelin sheaths.

Not insulated

Capable of generating electrical activity

Microtubules

__1__ diameter

2. dynamic or static?

3. Made of 13 ____ which are made of alpha & beta tubulin.

Major function? 4.

1. largest

2. dynamic

3. protofilaments

4. fast transport & maintenance

Neurofilaments

Most _1_ cytoskeletal component.

2. dynamic or static?

_3_ monomers form a coiled heterodimer.

_4_ dimers form a tetrameric protofilament

_5_ protofilaments form a protofibril

_6_ protofibrils form a neurofilament

1. abundant

2. static

3. two

4. two

5. two

6. three

Microfilaments

_1_ diameter

2. static or dynamic?

Helical structure from 2 globular _3_ monomer strands.

1. smallest

2. dynamic

3. actin

Microfilaments

Major function: motility of growth _1_ and forming specialized _2_ synaptic contacts.

1. cones

2. pre/post

Anterograde transport

Can be _1_ or fast.

Fast involves a stationary _2_ track and a _3_ ATPase carries vesicle.

1. slow

2. microtubule

3. Kinesin

Retrograde transport

Fast only

Microtubule stationary track and _1_ drives vesicles.

one process

invertebrates

one axon

many primary dendrites

majority of neurons

special

has only dendrites

found in retina

axons gathered into bundles

no cell bodies

Column - in the _1__, a group of nerve cell bodies related in function and in the location of the stimulus that drives them.

Perpendicular to the __2_ plane.

1. cortex

2. cortical

Root, ramus, nerve, plexus - a bundle of parallel axons and associated cells in the _1_.

A _2_ is a complex network of nerves.

1. PNS

2. plexus

Neurons are ____

they have limited stem cell pools

Destruction of axon distal to injury

(aka anterograde degeneration)

Cell body swells, eccentric nucleus, nissl substance disperses

(type of axonal damage)

Outermost connective tissue of nerve.

Has vasculature, blends w/ surrounding tissue

innermost connective tissue.

Schwann cells, fibroblasts, etc

Ectoderm forms _1__ plate.

Also the source of the majority of neurons and _2_.

1. neural

2. glia

1. posterior

2. afferent

1. anterior

2. efferent

no net ion flux

(for example, the force for K+ to go down its concentration gradient (out of cell) is equal to force attracting it to the negative membrane potential)

equilibrium.

It gives the equilibrium potential for that specific ion.

voltage-gated Na+ channels keep opening

membrane depolarized above 0mV all the way to near the Na+ Nernst potential

Once at the peak they begin to close.

axon diameter (larger = faster)

internal resistance (lower = faster)

membrane capacitance (lower = faster)

myelination

activation kinetics

modulatory

(presynpatic inhibition)