Ligand leaves

Intermediate has a lower coordination number

Incoming ligand joins complex

Intermediate has higher coordination number

no effect

rate = k[M]

Dependent

Rate = k[M][Nuc]

faster with higher nucleopile concentration

endothermic

ΔH is +

More disordered

ΔS is +

exothermic

ΔH is -

More ordered

ΔS is -

Bridged complex

Rate of electron exchange is slower than ligand exchange

Sometimes ligand exchanges

Rate of electron exchange can be faster than ligand exchange

All molecules need to do is bounce into each other

Strongest

Between atoms and between molecules

Second strongest

stronger dipole-dipole bond

H bonds to N, O or F

• 3 smallest, most electronegative elements in periodic table

least strong

instantaneous dipole-induced dipole

dipole created at one molecule induces short-lived dipole on the other molecule

all three phases in equilibrium

intersection of three lines

1. Ionic
2. Hydrogen bonding
3. Dipole-dipole
4. London forces

Solubility decreases as number of carbons increases

Once you get to 6 carbons, London forces start to dominate and they become insoluble

1. Average kinetic NRG of molecules is proportional to temperature (K)
2. Gases consist of molecules whose separation is larger than the molecules themselves
3. Molecules are in continuous random rapid motion
4. Molecules collide with each other and with the walls of the flask, without loss of energy

Simple cube

• full atoms
• length of side
• volume

1  full atom (1/8 x 8)

L= 2r

V=8r³

2 full atoms

FCC

• # atoms per unit cell
• relationship between r and L

4 atoms per unit cell

L= 2.8r