Who proposed the 3 systems acquired in infancy between Parents and children?

Shaver et al.

What are the 3 systems acquired in infancy between Parents and Children?

Attachment

Caregiving

Sexual

Describe the Attachment system proposed by

Shaver et al.?

Later attachments are a continuation of early secure or insecure attachments from parents. The child grows up to expect the same in their own relationships.

Describe the Caregiving system proposed by

Shaver et al.?

Knowledge about how to care for others, based on mimicking the behaviour of attachment figure.

Describe the Sexual system proposed by

Shaver et al.?

Views/opinions on sex. Eg. someone with an insecure attachment may view sex without love as pleasurable.

Describe the effects of childhood abuse on

later relationships?

Increased rates of depression, anger and anxiety.

Damaged ability to trust and self-isolation.

Difficulties regulating emotions and therefore difficulty maintaining healthy relationships.

Name 2 Psychologists supporting the influence of

Parents on Children?

(Initials: F, B&A)

Fraley

Berenson & Andersen

Why does Fraley support the influence

of Parents on Children?

Conducted a meta-analysis of studies which showed strong correlations between the continuation of early attachment types and later relationships.

Why do Berenson & Andersen support the influence of

Parents on Children?

Found that adults who had been abused, showed later negative reactions towards others who reminded them of the abuser.

Name a Psychologist criticising the influence of

Parents on Children and one IDA point?

(Initials: K&H, EI)

Kirkpatrick & Hazan

Ethical Issues

Why do Kirkpatrick and Hazan criticise the influence of

Parents on Children?

Does not consider the effects of the current relationship. Breakups have often been associated with a shift from secure to insecure attachments.

Why are Ethical Issues a problem for the influence of

Parents on Children?

Experiments involving Social deprivation are not possible due to the potential physical/psychological harm on the child. Therefore, the alternative is using animals which may not always generalise to give the same results.

How can interaction with Peers in childhood

affect later relationships?

(2 points)

The way a child thinks about themselves and others is affected by their experiences.

Close friendships are characterised by affection, alliance and intimacy which later promote feelings of trust and acceptance in adult relationships.

How does Adolescence affect later Relationships?

Shift from parents to peers. Allows the individual to experience a new type of emotional/physical intimacy in their own romantic relationships.

Name a Psychologist supporting the influence of

Interaction with Peers?

(Initials: M)

Madsen

Why does Madsen support the influence of

Interaction with Peers?

Tested the effects of dating behaviour in adolescence on the quality of later relationships. Found that low-moderate rates of dating led to high quality relationships in later life. Whereas heavy rates of dating led to poorer quality relationships in later life. This suggests that some dating experience is good, however too much can be maladaptive.

Name 3 Psychologists criticising the influence of

Interaction with Peers?

(R&S, E, N)

Richard & Schneider

Erwin

Neemann et al.

Why do Richard & Schneider criticise the influence of

Interaction with Peers?

(IDA)

Does not consider gender differences. Girls tend to have more intimate relationships and maintain more care and security which means they would continue to maintain these feelings of intimacy in their later relationships.

Why does Erwin criticise the influence of 

Interaction with Peers?

(IDA)

Found that boys relationships tend to be more competitive than girls.

Why do Neemann et al. criticise the influence of

Interaction with Peers?

Found that romantic involvement in adolescence has also led to negative effects such as a decrease in academic achievement.