Term
| What is the response to tissue injury and infection? |
|
Definition
Redness (rubor)
Heat (calor)
Swelling (tumor)
Pain (dolar) |
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Term
What is chronic inflammation?
Examples? |
|
Definition
Longterm response to stimulus
Examples: Allergies, chronic infection, transplantation, autoimmune disease |
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Term
| What is the goal of targeting components of the immune system? |
|
Definition
-Suppress signaling mediators for immune process
-examples : eicosanoid pathway, histamines, and immune system |
|
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Term
| What is the goal of modifying the pathological stimulus? |
|
Definition
-Treating the cause
-Examples: Peptic ulcer disease, asthma, and gout |
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Term
| What does the innate immune system do? |
|
Definition
-release of histamine
-phagocytosis of bacterium
-responds to a pattern of recognition
-**general reaction** |
|
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Term
| What cells are involved with the innate immune system? |
|
Definition
-neutrophils
-basophils
-mast cells
-antigen prautry cells? |
|
|
Term
| What does the adaptive immune system do? |
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Definition
-More specific to insult
-must be able to generate specific response and recognize self |
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Term
| What are the cells found in the bone marrow? What do they give rise to? |
|
Definition
-Lymphoid stem cells give rise to B and T cells
-Myeloid stem cells give rise to neutrophils, eosinophils, etc. |
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Term
| What is immunity and and what is its process? |
|
Definition
-Defense against bacteria and parasites
*Cytotoxic proteins
*Phagocytosis
-After engulfing, fragments presented on surface
*Major Histocompatability complex (MHC)
-Release of factors that enhance respons
*cytokines |
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Term
| What are the three granulocytes? |
|
Definition
-Neutrophils
-Eosinophils
-Basophils |
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Term
| What are the purposes of Nuetrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils? (respectively) |
|
Definition
-Phagocytic cells which destroy bacteria
-defense against parasitic infections
-circulating cells similar to mast cells bind IgE antibody and release histamine (allergic response) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Tissue resident cells similar to basophils
-Bing IgE antibody and release histamine |
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Term
| What are antigen-presenting cells? |
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Definition
| -Process proteins of invading agent and display on cell surface |
|
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Term
| What are the two types of antigen-presenting cells, there locations, and purpose? |
|
Definition
-Macrophages:
*Tissue resident
*Present antigenic fragments to T cells
-Dendritic cells:
*Lymphoid tissue
*initiate adaptive immune response |
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Term
| What makes the adaptive immunity so important? |
|
Definition
-responds to specific infecious agent
-Has memory
-Hence faster more intense response to exposure |
|
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Term
| What is MHC and name its two classes? |
|
Definition
-Major Histocompatability complex
-MHC class I
*display cystolic proteins
*display protein fragments and endocytic vessicles |
|
|
Term
| What are MHC Class I proteins responsible for? |
|
Definition
-bring antigen to to membrane surface
-MHC class I has a CD8 binding site
-cytotoxic T cells express CD8 |
|
|
Term
| What are MHC class II proteins responsible for? |
|
Definition
-antigen presenting cells phagocytos foreign protein
-displayede on cell surface with MHC II protein which has a CD4 binding site
-*T helper cells express CD4 |
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Term
| What is hummoral immunity? |
|
Definition
-B-cells- antigen presenting cells that synthesize and secrete antibodies
-Antibodies to extracellular infectious agents (bacteria)
-How majority of vaccines work |
|
|
Term
| What is cellular immunity? |
|
Definition
-T-cells- activation and clonal expansion to recognize specific antigens
*peforins
*granzymes
-Viruses |
|
|
Term
| What are preforins and genzymes? |
|
Definition
-perforins:
*pore forming protein
*protein T cells use to destroy infected cells
-Granzymes
*protease which induces apoptosis in virus infected cells |
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Term
| What is tolerance and co-stimulation? |
|
Definition
-Carefully regulated process to make sure cells of the immune system do not recognize self
-mutiple singles needed to initiate immune response
*way immune system limits response |
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of co-stimulation? |
|
Definition
-co-stimulation is ncessary for T cell proliferation and differentiation
-APC presents antigen and costimulatory molecule B7 to T cell |
|
|
Term
| What if the APC does not present with both factors? |
|
Definition
-signal from antigen binding expresses CD40L in T cell
-expression of CD40L on T cell leads to binding with CD40 on APC
-the signal leads to expression of B7 on APC and secretion of cytokines |
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|
Term
| What chemical mediator is synthesized, stored, and released from mast cells and basophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of histamine release? |
|
Definition
-dialate arterioles and postcapillary venules
-constrict veins
-contract endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| What are ecosonoids and what are some examples? |
|
Definition
-some are proinflammatory and others limit
-prostaglandins and leukotrienes |
|
|
Term
| What are cytokines? What are some examples and their function? |
|
Definition
-Proteins that act
-interleukin: important for acute inflammation
-chemokines: help recruit immunes cells to injured area |
|
|
Term
Inflammatory response: vessel dilation
effects |
|
Definition
-leads to increased blood flow
-redness and warmth |
|
|
Term
Contraction of endothelial cells (action)
effect? symptoms? |
|
Definition
-increase capillary permeability
-causes swelling and pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-recruitment of immune system cells
-examples :leukotriene B4 attracts leukocytes to the area |
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|
Term
| What is Phagocytosis? What aids this? |
|
Definition
-activated leukocytes ingest foreign subtance coated with epsonins
-epsonins: binding enhancers |
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|
Term
| What is the resolution of inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
-healing and scar formation
-occurs through angiogenesis and granulation tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is chronic inflammation? |
|
Definition
| state of continued and inappropriate immune system activation |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of autoimmune disease? |
|
Definition
-autoimmune hepatitis
-rheumatoid arthritis
-diabetes mellitus (type I) |
|
|
Term
| Pharmacologic therapies for Eicosanoids |
|
Definition
| -NSAIDS, Glucocorticoids, prostanoid mimetics |
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