·   head to toe development-they develop from the head down

from the core out

(they'll grab with their whole hand before using two fingers)

thing happen normally in an order/sequence

What age group is

Trust vs. mistrust

and Freud's oral stage-taking (putting things in mouth)

What age group is

Initiative vs. guilt  

Freud's phallic stage

What age group is

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Freud's anal stage-sphincter control

 50% increase in length by 1 year?

  Doubles birth weight by ?

triples by ?

Doubles                      4 to 6 months

Triples                                 1 year

Milestones : Birth to  1 year:

1 month-

2 months -      

3 months -

4 months -

5 months -

6 months -

1 month- smiles

2 months - coos      

3 months - head control

4 months - rolls supine to side

5 months - hands to mid line

6 months - sits with support

Milestones Birth to 1 year

7 months -

8 months -

9 months -

10 months -

11 months -

12 months

7 months - crawls

8 months - pincer grasp

9 months - pulls to stand

10 months -stands alone

11 months -cruises

12 months -walks

In what stage is Control accomplished by crying and then

Later, control is achieved by grasping and biting 

(Psychosocial development)

Trust vs. mistrust

Birth to 1 year

— Autism check list to be done at 18 month well visit

Infant   0-12-months

Neurological Maturation includes?

myelinization-the covering of the nerves and spinal cord occurrs over first two years

The brain is 90% the size of the adult

Infant   0-12-months

Respiratory Maturation includes?

Infants breath through their nose

Less alveoli in their lungs

Most infections in children under 5 are respiratory

Respiratory rate is fast   30-60 in newborns

                                 20-30 in a 12-month-old

Tounge is larger

Infant   0-12-months

Cardiac Maturation includes?

1. Heart doubles in size in a year

2. Their blood pressure increases

from a avg of 60/40 in newborn

to  100/50 in the 12-month-old

3. Their pulse decreases

Infant   0-12-months

Gastrointestinal Maturation includes?

2. at a year a child should have 4-8 teeth

3. Newborns first stool (meconium)

4. Formula-fed infant has stools the consistency of peanut butter

5. Breast-fed infants stools are usually looser in texture and appear seedy.

1.The presence of teeth at birth may be associated with other birth abnormalities

Infant   0-12-months

Genitourinary maturation includes?

more at risk for dehydration

Kidney's function are immature so they have trouble with electolytes

Infant   0-12-months

Hematopoietic Maturation includes

babies are born with hemoblobin F (HgbF)

and then they develop Hemoglobin A (HgbA)

Iron is stored until they are 4-6 months after that they need it nutritionally

0-12-months

Immuniologic maturation includes

§ First 6 months an infant gains?

4-8 months?

6-8 months?

Knows they are separate from others-4-8 months

Fear strangers starting at 6-8 months 

         Separation anxiety

2 months, coos,

3-4 months, gurgles

8 months, imitates sounds

Older infants point due to lack of words

3-5 words with meaning by age 1 year

Infant Nutrition

What type of intolerance includes:

Gas, bloating or diarrhea 

 Lactose Intolerant

switch to soy based formula 

Infant Nutrition

What type of intolerance includes?

V/D with blood, abdominal pain, rash

Protein intolerance

switch to hydrolyzed formula

Vitamin D -starting at birth for all infants if receiving less than 32 ox of vitamin d- fortified formula or those predominantly breastfed

 Iron Supplementation- If exclusively breastfed, start liquid iron at 4-6 months OR add Iron-fortified cereals at 4-6 months, rice 

 Infants fed formula get enough iron from it 

4-6 months

§ At intervals of 4-7 days (introduction of one new food every 4-7 days)

 By __year infants can be on all table food except ___

By one year

Except: No egg whites, peanut butter or honey

Brain continures to grow

Brain growth reaches 90% of it's adult size by

2-yr old

Trachea and lower airways grow, but remain smaller than adults

Alveoli increase

Tonsils and adenoids are large and the eustachian tubes are relatively short and straight

stool decreased to 1 to 2 per day

small bowel is still growing

Bowel control is generally achieved

Bladder and kidney function reach adult levels by 16 to 24 months of age.

kidney function is at adult level times 2

still kind of weak. Immature abdominal muscles

Toddler ages 1-3

o   Height increases about ____per year

What growth and developmental level includes

·   Tyrannical, strong-willed, volatile behaviors

o   Interspersed with need for comfort

o   Negative, ritualistic,  frustrated by limits, temper tantrums 

 Does NOT share-play is parallel

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

o   Comfortable being dependent, wants independence, too

o   Dependence creates doubt at their ability to control their own actions and feel shame that they want control.

In what developmental group is

§ Separation anxiety still an issue

§ Intense exploration with switch to parallel play (parallel=plays along side another child)

Believes inanimate objects are real and attributes life like qualities to them

What age group's cognitive and moral development includes

• Have developed memory of events that relate to them
• No understanding of other viewpoints-Egocentric
• Can symbolize objects and people to imitate them
• Uses old learning + new skills to apply the combined knowledge to new situations

Toddler 1-3 

Autonomy vs Shame and doubt

What age group includes

Good/bad orientation--begins to understand 

—Good behavior is rewarded

—Bad behavior is punished

At what age should the Gross Motor Skills include

o   Walk alone

o   Kicks ball, stands on tiptoes, walks one step at a time  up or down stairs 

o   Runs well, climb stairs alternating feet, pedals tricycle

§ 12-months

           o   Walk alone

§ 24-months

o   Kicks ball, stands on tiptoes, walks one step at a time  up or down stairs 

§ 36-months

o   Runs well, climb stairs alternating feet, pedals tricycle

At what age should the fine motor skills include

o   Feeds self with fingers

o   Throws ball, keeps balance,turns hard paged books pages

o   Builds towers with 6-7 blocks, round pegs into holes 

o   Draw circles, undresses self

·   12 months

o   Feeds self with fingers

·   18-months

o   Throws ball, keeps balance,turns hard paged books pages

·   24-months

o   Builds towers with 6-7 blocks, round pegs into holes 

·   36-months

o   Draw circles, undresses self

By what age should a child be able to

·   Increasing word vocabulary, at least 50-100

·   Uses words that describe things

·   2-3 word ‘sentences’

at what month is

No ‘ma-ma’, ‘da da’

Loss of any milestone

a language red flag?

At what month does this become a language red flag?

No single words

Poor understanding of language

15-18 months

At what month does this become a language red flag?

It’s a problem if <50 words, no 2-word phrases

It’s a problem if <50% understandable to strangers

At what month does this become a language red flag

>75% not understandable to strangers

Flat intonation, echolalia,

rote Memorization of words or phrases

36 months

What age group should

·   Sleep-12 hours/day, one nap or none

o   All 20 primary teeth in by

Completion of Toilet Training

—Daytime urine and bowel control

— Usually achieved by 3-4 years of age

What is the

#1 cause of death in toddlers ?

  Highest rate during what months of age?

Injuries

15-17 month olds

What age does injury include the following?

nMVA-- car seat safety, heat stroke, back-over injury; ages 1-14

nDrowning

nBurns

nPoisoning

nAspiration and suffocation

nBodily damage, falls

Average height increases for preschooler

2½” to 3” per year

Vocabulary and complexity of language increases dramatically

between ages

Increased attention span and memory

between ages

Imitative, imaginative and dramatic is in what age group?

Initiative vs. guilt (Erikson)

Take on tasks they may not be able to do (initiative) and then think they have misbehaved when they fail (guilt).

nBeginning to understand cause and effect

nStill in the good/bad orientation of toddlers

nBegin to understand behaviors in terms of what is socially acceptable.

nVery concrete sense of fairness and justice  (black and white)

nMastery of independence skills aids positive self-concept

nStill may regress to immature behaviors during stress

What age groups cognitive level

Shift from egocentric thought to social awareness, to consider other viewpoints

What age group does concept of time incompletely understood 

Links time to events

What age group

·   Utilizes “magical thinking” frequently

·   Feels guilty, responsible if something wished for happens

     Thoughts are all powerful

·   Does not understand cause and effect of illness

  May see illness as punishment from God

What age group has the following reaction to hospitalization?

Think they caused their illness

Fear mutilation of their bodies

Need security of their family

True separation anxiety is less than younger children May be uncooperative 

 Cry, refuse to eat or take medicine

·   Vision screening should be done?

What age group does injury prevention include?

·   Motor vehicles, drowning and poisoning

·   Guns locked 

·   Development of long-term safety behaviors

o   Bike helmets

§  Set a good example

·   Wrist, knee protection