Term
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Definition
| Gaps between nuerons where fibers from different nuerons come close together but do not touch |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical sent out by nuerons to cross the synapse in order to talk to one another |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve cells in the brain that store and transmit info |
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Term
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Definition
- Half of the brain's volume
- Responsible for myelination
- Multiply dramatically from end of pregnancy to 2 years, slows in childhood, accelerates in adolescence
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Term
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Definition
| Knowing that an object is there even when removed from vision |
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Term
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Definition
| Imitation that happens a certain amount of time after the initial behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
- Takes place internally
- Children rearrange new schemes and link them with other schemes to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system
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Term
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Definition
- Create new schemes/adjust old ones to completely capture the environment
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Term
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Definition
| Using our current schemes to make sense of the world |
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Term
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Definition
| Building themes through direct interaction w/ the environment |
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Term
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Definition
- When a baby stumble upon a new experience in their motor activity and then repeats it until the sensoritmotor response becomes strenghtened into a new scheme
- Repeat an action to repeat the consequence
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Term
| Visual Stimuli The Babies Like |
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Definition
- Faces
- High contrast patterns
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Term
| Infant Visual Cues for Depth |
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Definition
- Motion: 3-4 weeks babies will blink their eyes defensively as an object moves towards their face
- Binocular depth cues: 2-3 months images blend from each individual eye to perceive depth
- Pictorial depth cues: 6-7 months babies become sensitive to the perceptive cues used by artists (receding lines, overlapping, shadows, etc.)
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Term
| Expereince-Expectant Brain Growth |
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Definition
- Evolutionary
- Young brain's rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary situations (opportunities to see & touch things, hear language & sounds, & to move/explore)
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Term
| Experience-Dependent Brain Growth |
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Definition
| Additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that occur throughout our lives, varrying widely across individuals and cultures (ex: brain of a poet is diff from brain of violinist) |
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Term
| Reflexive Schemes (Sensorimotor Substage) |
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Definition
- Birth-1 month
- Eye blinking in response to light
- Head-turn in response to cheek touch
- Sucking on something in their mouth
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Term
| Primary Circular Reactions (Sensorimotor Substage) |
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Definition
- 1-4 months
- Simple motor habits centered around infant's own body
- Happen in the present
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Term
| Secondary Circular Reactions (Sensorimotor Substage) |
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Definition
- 4-8 months
- Actions aimed at repeating interesting effects in the surrounding world
- Immitation of familiar behaviours
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Term
| Coordination of secondary circular reactions (Sensorimotor Substage) |
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Definition
- 8-12 Months
- Intentional or goal-directed behaviour
- Object permanence
- Improved anticipation of events
- Immitation of behaviours different from those infants usually perform
- A not B errors start
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Term
| Tertiary Circular Reactions (Sensorimotor Substage) |
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Definition
- 12-18 months
- Exploration of properties of objects by acting on them in novel way
- Immitation of novel behaviours
- Ability to search in several locations for hidden object
- A not B error improves
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Term
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Definition
- 18 months-2 years
- Internal depictions of objects & events
- Ability to find an object that has been moved while out of sight
- Make-believe play
- Deferred imitation
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Term
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Definition
| Emotional tie to mother is foundation for all later relationships |
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Term
| Attachment theory: Erikson |
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Definition
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Quality of care
- Comfort
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Term
| Attachment theory: Bowlby |
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Definition
- Ethological
- Infant's emotional tie to caregiver is an evolved response that promotes survival
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Term
| Attachment theory: Ainsworth |
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Definition
- Created lab experiment for measuring attachment
- Baby should use parent as a secure base from which to explore an unfamiliar environment and should not react to an unfamiliar adult
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Term
| Preattchment Phase of Attachment Development |
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Definition
- Birth to 6 weeks
- Built-in signals (grasping, smiling, crying, eye contact) bring babies into close/comforting contact w/ other humans
- Babies recognize mother's small & voice but not yet attached
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Term
| Attachment-in-the-making Attachment Development |
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Definition
- 6 weeks-6/8 months
- Infants respond diff to caregiver than stranger
- Infants learn their actions affect behaviour of those around them
- Form sense of trust but don't protest when separated
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Term
| Clear-cut Attachment Development |
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Definition
- 6/8 months - 18m/2years
- Display separation anxiety when trusted caregiver leaves (depends on temperment/situation)
- Secure attachment increases btwn 6-15 mo
- try hard to maintain caregiver presence by approaching/following/climbing on
- Use caregiver as secure base
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Term
| Formation of Reciprocal Relationship Attachment Development |
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Definition
- Toddlers begin to understand factors that influence parents' coming and going
- separation protest increases
- negotiate w/ caregiver requesting & persuading to alter their goals
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Term
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Definition
- Infants use parents as secure base
- Distressed when separated
- When parents return they seek contact and distress lessens
- Parents are responsive, confident, sensitive
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Term
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Definition
- Unresponsive to parent when they are present
- Usually not distressed when parent leaves
- React to strangers same as parent
- Avoid/Slow to greet parent
- Fail to cling when picked up
- Parent is cold, rejecting, parent-focused
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Term
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Definition
- Before separation infants seek closeness & fail to explore
- When parent leaves they are distressed & upon return combine anger w/ clinginess
- May continue to cry after being picked up & cannot be easily comforted
- Parent is inconsistently attentive, not synchronous/affectionate, not confident
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Term
| Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment |
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Definition
- Greatest insecurity
- Show confused/contradictory behaviours at reunion
- Dazed facial expression
- Cry out after having been calmed down or display frozen postures
- Parent is neglectful or abusive, depressed, oblivious
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