Details Title: India/Iran/Globalization Description: Patrick O'Neil's Third 102 Exam Total Flash Cards: 63 Created: 04/28/2007 16:43:05		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Plant Sciences Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Green Revolution Definition Period during the 1960s and 70s when technologically enhanced grops and cropping methods improved production dramatically in India. Term Hindi Definition One of India's two main languages. (Other is English) Term Hinduism Definition Main religion of India. Originated from the fusion of Indo-Aryans from Persia and Dravidians. Term Outsourcing Definition Practice of contracting with an outside company in order to provide a service or product that otherwise might be too expensive, complicated, or time-consuming for the institution to do internally. Term Untouchables Definition Group at bottom of India's caste system's hierarchy. Term Dalits Definition Untouchables or outcastes. Term Sikhism Definition Religion combining Hindu and Muslim beliefs. Term Mughals Definition Muslim invaders who were descendants of Genghis Khan and ruled a relatively unified India for several hundred years beginning in the 16th century. Term Nabob Game Definition Strategy used by the (British) East India Company where Mughal governorships were established with British merchant advisers at their side. This greatly faciliated the plundering of Indian wealth and resources. Term Sepoy Mutiny Definition A revolt occuring in 1857-58 sponsored by the Indian aristocracy and carried out by Indian sepoys, or soldiers employed by the British. Term Indian National Congress (INC) Definition One of the two local organizations which came to embody the anti-colonial movement against Britain in India. Founded in 1885. Term Muslim League Definition One of the two local organizations which came to embody the anti-colonial movement against Britain in India. Founded in 1906. Term Mohandas K. Ghandi Definition British-trained lawyer who lead the INC and the entire Indian independence movement. Term Jawaharlal Nehru Definition Ghandi's successor as the INC's leader. Term Partition Definition Creation of Pakistan as a Muslim-dominated nation and India as a Hindu-dominated nation in 1947. Term Indira Gandhi Definition Jawaharlal Nehru's daughter who became India's first woman prime minister. (No relation to Mahatma) Term Emergency Rule Definition Gandhi's suspension of the constituion and declaration of martial law in 1975. Result of decling support, charges of corruption and calls to step down from power. Term Presidential Rule Definition Gandhi's state-level equivalent of emergency rule in the state of Punjab in 1984. Reaction against violent Sikhs demanded devolution of central authority. Term Amritsar Definition Area of Golden Temple, Sikhism's holiest shrine. Location where Ghandi launched a military operation during Presidential rule. Term Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Definition INC's strongest competition. Party with the potential for nationwide scope and appeal. Has always been able to articulate a Hindu nationalist vision. Term Ayodhya Definition City in north India containing Babri Mosque - built by Mughals on a site alleged to be the birthplace of a major Hindu god. Location of recent sectarian violence as the area is deemed sacred by Muslims and Hindus. Term Gujarat Definition Indian state where in 2002 Muslims set fire to railcars carrying Hindu activists back from a ceremony at Ayodhya. (10th year anniversary of sectarian violence in Ayodhya where Hindus destroyed a Mosque). Term Sonia Gandhi Definition Italian-born widow of Rajiv Gandhi who leads the INC. Term Manmohan Singh Definition India's first Sikh prime minister. Term Lok Sabha (House of the People) Definition Lower house that dominates India's bicameral legislature. Term Lok Rajya (House of States) Definition The upper house in India's bicameral legislature that represents twenty-eight states and seven territories. Term Kashmir Definition Only region of India with a Muslim majority. Term Hindutva Definition Term used to describe what unites all Hindus in the sense of Hindu nationalism. Term Import-substitution industrialization Definition Policy of mercantilist nationalism used by mainly INC governments in India for nearly four decades. Term Permit Raj Definition India's mercantilist holdover requiring licensing and approval process for operating a business and importing and exporting products. Term Islamic Fundamentalism (Islamism) Definition An approach to the faith marked by a belief that literal interpretation of the faith should be the basis of the political regime. Term Ruhollah Khomeini Definition Religious leader who led the 1979 Islamic Revolution was Iran's Supreme leader until his death in 1988. Term Koran Definition The main spiritual text of Islam. Term Shiism Definition Minority form of Islam that differs in its belief in the rightful religious heir of Muhammad. Form of Islam practiced by a majority of Iranians. Term Mohammad Khatami Definition Former Iranian president from 1997-2005. Considered a reformist, many expected Iran to westernize while he ruled, however, no serious reform was made. Term Farsi Definition Official language of Iran. Term Persia Definition Official name of Iran until 1935. Term Sharia Definition Islamic law - basis of Iran's legal system. Term Ayatollah Definition High-ranking title given to Shi'a clerics. Term Majlis Definition Elected assembly that drew up Iran's first constitution and legislative body. Demanded by religious and business leaders in 1906. Term Reza Shah Pahlavi (Reza Khan) Definition Shah of Iran from 1925-41 who overthrew the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty. Term Muhammad Mosaddeq Definition Prime Minister of Iran from 1951-53. Nationalized oil and provoked British anger. Term Operation Ajax Definition Operation where U.S. and British forces overthrew Mosaddeq and the power was reconcentrated in the shah's hands. Term SAVAK Definition Shah's secret police. Term White Revolution Definition Reforms begun by the Iranian governmen t in 1963 that included land reform, literacy campaigns, privatization of state-run industries and women's rights. Strong opposed by radical Muslim leaders. Term Velayat-e faqih Definition Rule by Islamic jurists. Term Islamic Republic of Iran Definition Name of post-1979 Iran. Term Supreme Leader Definition Dominant executive in Iran's government. Position was created for Khomeini following the revolution as an expression of his charismatic power. Most powerful office in Iran. Term Assembly of Experts Definition Iran governmental body that elects the supreme leader and has the power to remove him for failure to uphold his religious duty or incompetence. Term Ali Khamenei Definition Iran's supreme leader since 1989. Considered by most to be less charismatic as Khomeini. Term Council of guardians Definition Iranian body made up of twelve individuals who serve six-year terms. Has power to veto all legislation that drives from the Majlis. Term Expediency Council Definition Iranian body made up of members appointed by the supreme leader. Mediates legislation that the Council of guardians cannot revise. Term Revolutionary Guard Definition Iran paramilitary force originated in the 1979 revolution. Plays important role in defending regimes against opponents, fought in Iran-Iraq war and continues to influence Iranian politics, both domestic and international. Term Basij Definition Iran group that serves in public works (disaster relief, civil projects, etc.) and also serves as a public-morals police force. Violently ended recent student protests. Term Second Khorad Front Definition Group formed to contest the 2000 Majlis elections. Comprised of the Servants of Construction Party and other reform groups. Term Ummah Definition Iranian concept of community. Iran theocracy dictates that its members are expected to act as a unified group that embodied and served the revolution. Term Quietist Definition Approach to Islam favored by conservative (rather than radical) Muslims, which favors keeping politics and religion at a distance in certain instances and calls for Western economic policies while maintaining a strict approach to social/moral issues. Term Bonyads Definition Parastatal foundations in Iran with the purpose of helping the disadvantaged (war veterans and the poor). Term Globalization Definition System in which human beings are no longer part of isolated communities that are themselves linked through narrow channels of diplomatic relations or trade. Term Multinational corporations (MNCs) Definition Firms that produce, distribute, and market their goods or serives in more than one country. Term Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) Definition National and international groups, independent of any state, that purse policy objectives and foster public participation. Term Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) Definition Groups created by states to serve particular policy ends. Term Foreign Direct Investment Definition The purchase of assets in a country by a foreign firm.