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| Discovered vaccination for smallpox by using cowpox virus in 1796 |
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| Found that infectious organisms cause disease (1880) |
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| discovered antibodies in the serum vaccinated individuals, which were generated by foreign antigens (1890) |
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| First immunodeficiency noted |
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| Cause of allergies discovered |
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| Four Major Types of Pathogens |
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Definition
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Parasites
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Definition
- foreign organisms are phagocytized
- uses macrophages and granulocytes
- rapid way of responding, but no memory (life-long protection) of the infection
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Definition
- using antibody production and other aspects of lymphocyte function.
- life-long protective immunity to infection
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| Where do all blood cells (WBC's, RBC's, platelets) originate? |
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Definition
| in the bone marrow from a common hematopoietic stem cell. |
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| Two major types of White Blood Cells |
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Definition
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| The Common Myeloid Progenitor is the precurser for 4 types of cells in the innate immune system. What are they? |
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Definition
- Monocytes
- Dendritic cells
- Mast cells
- Granulocytes
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Definition
| circulate in the blood and differentiate into tissue macrophages, which are a phagocytic cell with key roles in innate immunity. |
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| a lot like macrophages except that they are specialized in the ability to phagocytize antigens in tissues and display them to lymphocytes. |
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- tissue-bound cells that cause allergies and function in innate immunity
- also a response to parasitic worms
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Definition
- (a.k.a. polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or PMNs) are granulated WBCs. They are produced in large numbers during infection and generally have short life spans.
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Definition
- Neutrophils - phagocytic cells in the blood. They are absolutely required for survival and function in the innate immunity.
- Eosinophils - fight parasitic infections.
- Basophils - function in allergies.
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Definition
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
- neutrophils
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| Which cells are rarely found in the blood? |
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Definition
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
- mast cells
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Definition
- differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies, also called immunoglobulins or Igs.
- B cells develop in the bone marrow.
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Definition
- can be either cytotoxic (CTL) or helper (Th).
- CTLs protect from viral infections.
- Th cells orchestrate the immune response
- Unlike B cells, T cells leave the bone marrow in a very immature state and mature in the thymus.
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| How do B and T cells respond to pathogens? |
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Definition
- through the use of specific receptors that can recognize only specific antigens.
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| B cell receptors are modified _________. |
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Definition
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| T cell receptors are ____________ to _____, but are different. |
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Definition
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Definition
| functions in innate immunity against viruses and tumors. |
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| 3 Kinds of Cells can Function as Antigen Presenting Cells (APC): |
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Definition
- dendritic cells
- macrophages
- B cells
- Note that neutrophils are phagocytic but are not an APC
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Term
| Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) |
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Definition
- cells that can present antigens to inactive T lymphocytes and activate them for the very first time.
- form a crucial link between the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response.
- macrophages can act at APCs, although dendritic cells are the ones that specialize in this.
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| Mast Cells orchestrate _________ responses, and are involved in the response to __________ _________. |
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Definition
| allergic, parasitic worms |
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Term
| The Common Lymphoid Progenitor gives rise to 3 cell types: |
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Definition
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| T-Cells can differentiate into three other types of effector T-lymphocytes: |
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Definition
- Cytotoxic T Cells - kills cells that are infected with viruses or other intracellular pathogens
- Helper T Cells - provide essential additional signals that activate antigen-stimulated B cells to differentiate and produce antibodies. Can also activate macrophages to become more efficient at phagocytosis
- Regulatory T cells - suppress activity of other lymphocytes and help control immune responses
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Definition
- some B and T cells activated by antigens differentiate into memory cells, which are responsible for long-lasting immunity.
- will readily differentiate into effector cells on a second exposure to their specific antigen.
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| What are the 2 Primary Lymphoid Organs? |
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Definition
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| The Primary Lymphoid Organs are the places where __________ _____ are __________. |
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Definition
| lymphoid cells, generated |
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| What are the Secondary Lymphoid Organs? |
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Definition
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The Secondary Lymphoid Organs are the places where "
_________ _____ are ______________, and mount _________ __________ responses. |
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Definition
| lymphoid cells, maintained, adaptive immune |
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Term
| Fluid from the blood is collected in the lymphatic vessels. These vessels return ___L of fluid each _____ to the blood, but only after processing it through the _____ ______. |
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Definition
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| Draw a picture of a lymph node |
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Definition
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| Lymphocytes in the _________ are mostly ___ cells. |
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Definition
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| The spleen has no __________ connection |
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Definition
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| In the spleen, lymphocytes both enter and exit via the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does MALT stand for? |
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Definition
| mucosa-associated tissues or mucosal immune system |
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Term
| What does GALT stand for? |
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Definition
| gut-associated lymphoid tissues |
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Term
| What does BALT stand for? |
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Definition
| bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues |
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| What are the specialized structures that the GALT contains? |
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Definition
| the appendix, the adenoids, the tonsils, and the Peyer's Patches in the small intestine. |
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| What do the special structures in the GALT do? |
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Definition
| They collect antigen from the epithelial surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract |
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| In Peyer's patches, the antigen is collected by specialized epithelial cells called ________. |
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Definition
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| Fluid from the lymphatics is being constantly returned to the blood just above the _________ via the ________ ______ through the __________ ________. |
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Definition
| heart, sublclavian vein, Thoracic Duct |
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| Lymphocytes are constantly circulating between _____ and ______. |
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Definition
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| The clones of lymphocytes differentiate into ______ or _______ lymphocytes. |
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Definition
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| What cells can mediate the removal of pathogens from the body without the need for further differentiation? |
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Definition
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Definition
| They are they lymphocytes responsible for long-lasting immunity. |
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Definition
| They are the effector form of B lymphocytes and produce antibodies, known as immunoglobulin (Ig), which are a secreted form of the B-cell receptor and have an idnetical antigen specificity. |
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Term
| The adaptive immune system takes up to a _______ to respond. |
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Definition
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| The second encounter with a recognized antigen is different. What are the differences? |
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Definition
| Memory cells are already present and can turn into activated daughter clones quickly. So quickly, in fact, that true infection may be prevented altogether by Ig and effector T cells. |
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| Why do we vaccinate? Why do some vaccines require more than one round to fully immunize? |
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Definition
| to create immunity against certain diseases. A booster shot, which introduces another antigen, allows the immune system to make a second response to the same antigen more efficiently and effectively, providing the host with a specific defense against infection. |
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Term
| What are Cytokines and Chemokines? |
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Definition
| small proteins made by immune (and other) cells that modify the activity of other cells - either what these cells can do, or where they will migrate. |
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| The innate immune system has a set of proteins called ________ that can be activated by some pathogen structures. |
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Definition
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| What do activate compliment proteins of the innate immune system do? |
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Definition
| They can sometimes directly kill the pathogen, or they can recruit other innate immune cells to help kill the pathogen. |
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| The collective actions of the innate immune system result in __________. |
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Definition
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| Inflammation involves ______, _______, _______, and ________ - and all refer to the effects of the immune response on ______ _____ _______. |
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Definition
| heat, pain, redness, swelling, local blood supply |
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| In what order do your immune cells invade an infected area? (Think NorMaL) |
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Definition
| neutrophils, monocytes that differentiate into macrophages, and then lymphocytes that have been activated in the lymphnodes |
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| Which type of cell present antigen to T cells? |
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Definition
| dendritic cells - though macrophages sometimes do it, too. |
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Term
| What is macropinocytosis? |
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Definition
| It is the taking up of extracellular fluid, viruses, and parts of bacteria by dendritic cells |
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| Which type of cell activates the adaptive immune response by interacting with lymphocytes? |
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Definition
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| How many antigens can one T cell recognize, and how many types of antibodies can one B cell produce? |
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Definition
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| What is clonal selection? |
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Definition
| Only lymphocytes that are selectively activated are allowed to proliferate and produce clones of themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymphocytes that recognize self as something to attack and kill are forced to undergo apoptosis |
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| How do Igs/Abs bind to Ags? |
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Definition
| Their structure is related to their function. They have a variable end that determines which Ag they bind, and a constant end that determines what happens after they bind Ag. |
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| What part of the pathogen is most likely to be bound to the antibody? |
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Definition
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| Very strong cell receptor signals or the total absence of signals can cause a lymphocyte ________ to kill itself by preprogrammed death called __________. |
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Definition
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| For T cells to become activated, 2 signals have to happen. What are they? |
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Definition
Signal 1: antigen must be presented by APCs (dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells)
Signal 2: A surface protein on the APC cell, CD80 or CD86, must be present to bind to CD28 on the T cell |
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Term
| For B cells to become activated, two signals have to happen. What are they? |
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Definition
Signal 1: the presence of free antigen
Signal 2: The B cell must receive a signal from the T cell through its surface protein (CD40) or cytokine. CD40L on the T cell |
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Term
| Antibodies stop infection 3 ways: |
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Definition
| neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation |
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Term
| What is neutralization by an antibody? |
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Definition
| It is where immunoglobulins bind to antigens and prevent them from interacting with host proteins to cause infection, and eventually degraded by phagocytes |
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| Neutralization most often protects from the effects of? |
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Definition
| bacterial toxins and viral infections |
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Term
| What is opsonization by antibodies? |
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Definition
| It's like tagging the antigen for pickup by a phagocyte. The constant region of an antibody (immunoglobulin) serves as a handle that can be used for pickup by a phagocyte. |
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Term
| Opsonization is a way that is used most commonly to kill _________ ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is complement activation? |
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Definition
| Involves turning on the cascade of interacting complement proteins. These proteins will either kill the pathogen, or coat it enough to allow for phagocytosis |
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Term
| Complement activation is most commonly used to fight? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells are used to fight intracellular infections? |
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Definition
| Two types of T cells: CTL and Th |
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Term
| CTL's have a surface marker protein called ______, Th's have one called _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| How do CTLs recognize cells that are harboring viruses? |
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Definition
| by virtue of viral proteins that are shown on the host cell's surface |
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Term
| How do CTLs kill host cells harboring viruses? |
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Definition
| they induce apoptosis in the host cell |
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Term
| CTLs induce apoptosis in infected cells by releasing ______ ______ and ________ that activate ____________ inside the target cell, leading to ____ ___________. |
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Definition
| cytotoxic granzymes, perforin, caspase-3, DNA degredation |
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Term
| What are the two subdivisions a Th cell can be divided into? |
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Definition
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Definition
| They activate macrophages, enabling them to kill pathogens growing inside of themselves. They can also recruit more macrophages to the scene of the infection to be certain it's cleared. |
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Term
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Definition
| True helper cells, they run the rest of the immune response, largely by directing the humoral aspects of immunity. They function mostly in stopping extracellular infections instead of intracellular. |
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Term
| _ _____ immunity is often called the ______ _____ of the ______ immune response. |
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Definition
| T cell, cellular aspect, adaptive |
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Term
| What is the cellular aspect of the innate immune system? |
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Definition
| macrophages and neutrophils? |
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Term
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Definition
| Major histocompatibility complex - a set of proteins in a special context that enables T cells to detect antigens |
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Term
| What does MHC class I do? |
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Definition
| MHC class I is recognized by CD8, and thus CTL cells. It interacts with antigen from the cytosol of the cell, thereby showing T cells what's being made inside the cell in question. |
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Term
| What cells express MHC class I? |
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Definition
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| What does MHC class II do? |
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Definition
| It interacts with antigen from intracellular vesicles - meaning things that have been phagocytized or have found a way to live inside phagocytic vesicles (e.g. Mycobacteria). |
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| What kind of cells express MHC class II? |
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Definition
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| MHC class II is recognized by ______, and thus ____ or _____ cells. |
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Definition
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