Term
| Define Critical Measurement |
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Definition
| -category of glassware giving the highest possible accuracy |
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Term
| Define Non-Critical Measurements |
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Definition
| -measurements that are less accurate |
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Term
| Types of Critical Glassware |
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Definition
-volumetric flask
-volumetric pipets
-micropipets |
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Term
| Types of Non-Critical Glassware |
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Definition
-test tubes
-beaker
-Erlenmeyer flask
-graduated cylinder |
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Term
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Definition
| -results for a specific group of patients |
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Term
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Definition
| -reduction of a concentration of a chemical (solute) in a solution (diluent) |
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Term
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Definition
| -specimen is diulted one part speciment to one part diluent making two parts |
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Term
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Definition
| -dilution series in which the magnitude is the same |
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Term
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Definition
-concentration of a solution (antibody) determined by titration (dilution)
-expressed as the highest dilution of serum that causes agglutination |
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Term
|
Definition
| -when illness is initially discovered |
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Term
| Define Convalescent Illness |
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Definition
| -approximately two weeks after disease was first detected |
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Term
| What are Cold Agglutinins |
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Definition
-antibodies that react with human RBCs at 4 degrees celsius
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Term
| What to most cold agglutins have a specificity for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cold agglutinins occur in what two clinical situations? |
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Definition
-cold agglutinin syndrome
-post infection |
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Term
| What is the clinical significance of cold agglutinins? |
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Definition
| -produced in response to infection with mycoplasma pneumoniae |
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Term
| What other factors can produce cold agglutinins? |
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Definition
-scarlet fever
-tonsilitis
-pregnancy
-lupus
-gangrene
-mononucleosis |
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Term
| What happens when cold agglutinin antibodies are present? |
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Definition
| -the antibodies can cause immune hemolytic anemia when body temperature lowers |
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Term
| What percentage of cold agglutination antibodies are found in mycoplasma pneumoniae cases? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do cold agglutinins peak? |
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Definition
| -around 2 - 4 weeks after infection |
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Term
| What titer represents a recent infection? |
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Definition
-greater than 32
-the higher the titer the more severe |
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Term
| What results can occur from cold agglutin activation? |
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Definition
-intravascular hemolysis
-peripheral necrosis |
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Term
| Why is an antibody detection run? |
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Definition
| -to detect the presence of preformed "unexpected" clinically significant antibodies with specificity to RBC antigen |
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Term
| What is the expected frequency of unexpected antibodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What defines Clinically Significant Antibodies? |
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Definition
-antibody is active at 37 degrees Celsius
-antibody is detected in AHG
-antibody is known to alter status of patient |
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Term
| Who gets tested for antibody detection? |
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Definition
-blood donors with a history of transfusions or pregnancy
-recipients of blood who have received a transfusion or have been pregnant within the last 3 months
-if the medical history is unknown |
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Term
|
Definition
-commerically prepared
-FDA licensed
-Group O red cells (as they have no surface antigen) |
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Term
| What are the types of enhancement media for antibody detection? |
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Definition
-LISS (low ionic strenth solution) like AHG
-PEG, albumin, proteolytic enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
-IgM is epxected, naturally occuring, non-red cell stimulated, binds complement, 4 degrees celsius
-IgG is unspected, immune mediated, red cell stimulated, may or may not bind complement, 37 degrees celsius |
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Term
| What is the zeta potential? |
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Definition
| -the space between red cells, usually 25 nm |
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Term
| What is the zeta potential of IgG? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the zeta potential of IgM? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can you reduce the zeta potential? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-animal or monoclonal
-polyspecific or monospecific (if poly must include antibodies IgG and complement)
-used to detect IgG or complement on RBC surface |
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Term
| What can cause a false positive AHG test? |
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Definition
-bacterial contamination of cells or saline
-contamination of saline with heavy metals
-over centrifugation
-over reading |
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Term
| What can cause false negatives in AHG testing? |
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Definition
-forgot to add AHG
-inadequate washing
-non reactive AHG
-forgot to add serum or plasma
-RBC suspension is too weak
-under centrifugation
-poor reading technique |
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Term
| What is the antigen in the Cold Agglutinin test? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the antibody in the cold agglutinin test? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the antibody in an RF test? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the antigen in an RF test? |
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Definition
| -Fc portion of an IgG molecule |
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Term
| What is the only immunoglobulin we detect in an RF test? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the reagent contain in an RF test? |
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Definition
| -latex particles coated in IgG molecules |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the antibodies in an RPR test? |
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Definition
-reagin which is non-specific
-treponemal which is specific |
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Term
| What is the antigen in an RPR test? |
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Definition
| -cardiolipin like antigen bound to charcoal particles |
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