Term
| Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Area around lymphocyte follicle containing MΦ, DC and MZ B cell. |
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Term
| Perifollicular zone (PFZ) |
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Definition
Area between MZ and red pulp
Blood cells enter spleen |
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Term
| Function of Marginal zone |
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Definition
Marginal zone is area around B cell follicle that is rich in MΦ and DC but few T cells.
Blood borne antigen trapped by MΦ and DC in marginal zone.
DC activated by Ag will move to T cell areas to present Ag to T cell and initiate adaptive immune response.. |
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Term
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Definition
gut associated lymphoid tissue
Tonsils, Waldeyer ring
Peyer’s patches (PP) (small intestine)
Intestinal mucosa and lamina propria
Appendix
Mesenteric lymph nodes – gut draining lymph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue
includes respiratory epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| diffuse mucosal lymphoid tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Things can pass through M cell than through epithelial cell. Samples environment in lumen of intestines. Dendritic cells located here detect antigen and determine if pathogen is good or bad. |
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Term
Function of Peyer’s patch (PP)
(As secondary lymphoid tissue) |
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Definition
Detecting pathogen
Initiate immune response. |
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Term
| Medullary cords are rich in |
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Definition
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Term
| Lymph from tissue enter ------ through ------- |
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Definition
| draining lymph nodes, afferent lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| If no pathogen Ag detected B cell will move to |
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Definition
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Term
| Lymphocytes will exit lymph nodes through ---- and ----- |
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Definition
| medullary sinus and efferent lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| If pathogen Ag is present (after infection), antigen presenting cells (APC) such as DC will .... |
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Definition
| ....activate T cells in T cell zone. |
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Term
| Antigens(pathogens, other antigens) in tissue are carried by DC or in lymph entering ------ |
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Definition
| peripheral draining lymph nodes |
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Term
| Naïve lymphocytes enter lymph nodes from |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 main things that happen in lymph nodes: |
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Definition
1. naive lymphocytes to encounter specific Ag
2. lymphocyte activation, proliferation and differentiation to become effector cells
3. developing and maintaining memory lymphocytes |
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Term
| Marginal zone is area around B cell follicle that is rich in.... |
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Definition
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Term
Gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
5 main things |
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Definition
Tonsils, Waldeyer ring
Peyer’s patches (PP) (small intestine)
Intestinal mucosa and lamina propria
Appendix
Mesenteric lymph nodes – gut draining lymph nodes |
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Term
| Function of Peyer’s patch (As special mucosal lymphoid tissue) |
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Definition
1. generate IgA secreting effector B cells
2. Effector and memory lymphocytes generated in PP will home specifically to mucosal tissues |
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Term
| Intraepithelial lymphocytes: |
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Definition
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Term
| Lamina propria lymphocytes: |
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Definition
| IgA secreting plasma cells |
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Term
| Two types of molecules affect leukocyte (neutrophil) extravasation: |
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Definition
1. Chemokines
2. Cell adhesion molecules |
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Term
| phagocytic receptors: CD14 |
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Definition
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Term
| phagocytic receptors: Mannose receptor |
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Definition
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Term
| phagocytic receptors: Glycan receptor |
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Definition
| – pathogen oligosaccharides |
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Term
| phagocytic receptors: Formyl-Met receptor |
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Definition
| N-formyl-methionine (bacteria) |
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Term
| phagocytic receptors: Scavenger R |
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Definition
| lipoteichoic acid (G+ bacteria). |
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Term
| Opsonins (function of them |
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Definition
| bind to pathogen and greatly facilitate phagocytosis |
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Term
| phagocytic receptors: CD14 |
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Definition
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Term
| phagocytic receptors: Mannose receptor |
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Definition
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Term
| phagocytic receptors: Glycan receptor |
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Definition
| – pathogen oligosaccharides |
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Term
| phagocytic receptors: Formyl-Met receptor |
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Definition
| N-formyl-methionine (bacteria) |
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Term
| phagocytic receptors: Scavenger R |
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Definition
| lipoteichoic acid (G+ bacteria). |
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Term
| Opsonins (function of them |
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Definition
| bind to pathogen and greatly facilitate phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| generation of toxic reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that kill pathogens |
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Term
| Nitric oxide (NO) is generated by |
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Definition
| inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) |
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Term
| Superoxide (O2- ) is generated by |
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Definition
| NADPH oxidase during oxygen burst and converted to H2O2 by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and inactivated by catalase. |
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Term
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Definition
small proteins that bind to the specific receptors to affect functions of target cell during inflammation or immune response.
They function as autocrine (to self), paracrine (to near by cells) or endocrine (to distant cells). |
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Term
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Definition
| chemoattractant cytokines that attract cell movement towards the source of the chemokines and affect function of adhesion molecules that recruit leukocytes from blood vessels to the site of infection |
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Term
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Definition
Secreted by macrophages, monocytes and DC.
Activates endothelial cells (blood vessel) to express adhesion molecules for leukocyte (neutrophils, monocytes or lymphocytes) recruitment from blood circulation to tissues (cell infiltration).
Activates lymphocyte – lymphocyte cytokine secretion and proliferation.
Pyrogen
Increases body temperature - fever. |
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Term
| Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) |
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Definition
Secreted by macrophages, DC, lymphocytes and many other cell types.
Activate endothelial cells to induce cell adhesion molecules or leukocyte recruitment (cell infiltration).
Increases blood vessel permeability (swelling, redness, heat and pain).
Causes septic shock (systemic effects).
Pyrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
Secreted by macrophages, DC and lymphocytes.
Induces acute-phase response in liver.
Regulates lymphocyte response and antibody production by B cells.
Strong pyrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
Secreted by macrophages, DC.
Activates NK cell (kill virus infected or cancer cells)
Enhances Th1 response. |
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Term
| IL-8 (CXCL8 chemokine, receptors: CXCR1,CXCR2, or called CXCL8R): |
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Definition
Secreted by macrophage, DC, epithelial and endothelial cells.
Chemoattractant, induce neutrophil, monocyte infiltration in infected tissue. |
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Term
| LPS from Gram (-) bacteria is strong inducer of ____ |
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Definition
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Term
LPS from Gram (-) bacteria in:
1. local infection
2. systemic infection |
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Definition
1. Induce TNFa secretion from local tissue MΦ-->inflammation
2. Induce TNFa and SEPTIC SHOCK |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Interferons are proteins secreted by viral infected cells to prevent |
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Definition
| virus from infecting neighboring uninfected cells |
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Term
Type I Interferon (innate immune response)
(IFNa, IFNb) |
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Definition
| Plasmacytoid DC (pDC) produces the most IFNα |
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Term
Type II Interferon (adaptive immune response
(IFNlambda) |
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Definition
| Produced by lymphocytes, NK cells during adaptive immune response. |
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Term
| Interferon stimulates the expression of large groups of genes called |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 anti-viral genes from interferon |
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Definition
Oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) and Ribonuclease L RNase L - viral RNA degradation
Protein kinase R (PKR) – inhibit viral protein translation.
Myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance protein (Mx) – anti-viral infection |
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Term
| 4 Functions of Interferon |
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Definition
1. stimulates the expression genes (ISG) among them are ANTI-VIRAL GENES
2. Activate MΦ, NK cells
3. Enhance MHC expression to enhance Ag presentation
4. Regulate immune response (IFNg) – induce Th1 response. |
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Term
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Definition
1. activates endothelium
2. activate lymphocyte
3. increase access to effector cells |
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Term
| TNF-alpha (Local effects) |
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Definition
1. activate endothelium
2. increase vascular permeability for IgG, complement, and cells to tissues |
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Term
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Definition
1. lymphocyte activation
2. increased Ab production |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemokine that attracts neutrophils, basophils, and T cells to infection |
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Term
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Definition
| activates NK cells and induce differentiation of CD4 T cells into TH1 cells |
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Term
| Cytokines: IL-6, IL-1, TNF-a secreted during inflammation stimulate liver production of 2 certain proteins: |
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Definition
1. Collectin family protein: mannose binding lectin (MBL)-->major function to opsonize and allow complement activation
2. Pentraxin family protein: C-reactive protein.(CRP)
These proteins bind to common pathogen components. -->major function to opsonize and allow complement activation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Function of MBL (2 functions) |
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Definition
1. binds to pathogen surface mannose for OPSONIZATION
2. Use MASPS binds to start compliment system |
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Term
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Definition
1. Pentamer
2. binds to phosphocholine on pathogen for OPSONIZATION
3. Activates classic pathway of compliment system |
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Term
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Definition
1. small protein cytokines that have chemotaxis function
2. chemokines can be classified into CC or CXC chemokines
3. monocyte to CCL2 and neutrophil to CXCL8
Functions:
1. direct leukocyte migration towards chemokine gradient
2. Trigger integrin, on leukocytes, conformation change for tighter binding to ICAM ligand on endothelial cells |
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Term
| Two types of molecules affect leukocyte (neutrophil) extravasation |
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Definition
| Chemokines and Cell Adhesion Molecules |
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Term
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Definition
1. Selectins: glycoprotein with distal lectin like domain that bonds to carbohydrate groups: P-selectin, E-selectin
2. Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs): immunoglobulin family molecules are expressed on endothelial cells and bind to integrin on leukocyte – ICAM-1
3. Integrin: a and b chains heterodimer of transmembrane proteins – LFA-1 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| IL-1, TNF-a produced by MΦ |
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Term
| Integrin (LFA-1) on neutrophil is activated by |
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Definition
| chemokines for tight binding to ICAM-1. |
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Term
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Definition
| oligosaccharide present on leukocyte |
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Term
| P-selectin and E-selectin bind to: |
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Definition
| carbonydrates such as sialyl-Lewis |
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Term
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Definition
| Surface bound C3b can also be converted to C3bBb (bind to factor B and cut b |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3 negative regulators of C3bBb |
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Definition
DAF (decay-accelerating factor),
CR1 (complement receptor 1)
MCP (membrane cofactor of proteolysis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by phagocytes or Paneth cells (in intestine crypt |
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Term
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Definition
a-defensin: produced by
neutrophil, stored in primary granule, inducible by infection
Peneth cell constitutively in intestine.
b-defensin: produced by epithelial cells of respiratory, urogenital tract, skin. Induced after infection. |
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Term
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Definition
CD14 (LPS receptor) – LPS,
Mannose receptor.- mannose on pathogen,
Glycan receptor – pathogen oligosaccharides.,
Formyl-Met receptor – N-formyl-methionine (bacteria),
Scavenger R – lipoteichoic acid (G+ bacteria). |
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Term
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Definition
Has 5 identical units and form pentamer.
Binds phosphocholine on pathogen surface to opsonize pathogen for phagocytes.
Activates complement system – classic pathway of complement activation. |
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Term
| MBL (mannose-binding lectin) |
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Definition
MASP-2 cleaves shit
to opsonize pathogen for phagocytes |
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Term
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Definition
C3bBb +C3b – C3b2Bb (alternative C5 convertase)
C3b2Bb cleaves C5 – C5b and C5a
C5b + C6, C7 and attache to pathogen cell.
C5bC6C7 + C8 anchors in membrane.
C5bC6C7C8 induces C9 polymerization |
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Term
C3a (intermediate)
C5a (strong) |
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Definition
expressed on endothelial cells, phagocytes, and mast cells.
of endothelial cells (vasodilatation, permeability increasing, adhesion molecule expression)
phagocytes (recruitment, anti-microbial activity)
mast cells (granule releasing including histamine), smooth muscle contraction). |
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Term
| Classic pathway of complement activation |
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Definition
| Binding of IgM or CRP activates the C1 complex |
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Term
MAC formation on host cell is prevented by:
1. Soluble factors:
2. Cell membrane proteins: |
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Definition
Soluble factors: protein S, clusterin and factor J which prevent C5bC6C7 to attach to cells
Cell membrane proteins: CD59 (protectin) and HRF (homologous restriction factor) prevent C9 polymerization.
C5a is potent inflammation mediator. |
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Term
| Various functions of activated complement proteins: (a lot) |
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Definition
trigger inflammation (def): C5a>C3a>c4a;
chemotactically attract phagocytes to the infection site: C5a;
promote the attachment of antigens (def) to phagocytes via enhanced attachment or opsonization (def): C3b>C4b;
cause lysis of gram-negative bacteria and human cells displaying foreign epitopes (def): MAC;
serve as a second signal for the activation of naive B-lymphocytes (def)): C3d; and
remove harmful immune complexes from the body: C3b>C4b. |
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Term
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Definition
| COMPLEMENT PROTEINS:Proteins produced as part of the complement pathways, a series of biochemical pathways involved in innate body defense. Various complement proteins produced by these pathways promote inflammation, phagocytosis, and lysis of membrane-bound cells recognized by the immune responses as foreign. |
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Term
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Definition
| SIGNALING PRRs: Signaling PRRs, once they bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns, promote the synthesis and secretion of intracellular regulatory molecules such as the cytokines, chemokines, and interferons that are crucial to initiating innate immunity and adaptive immunity. |
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Term
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Definition
| ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS:A group of proteins, such as C-reactive protein and mannose-binding protein, produced by cells in the liver and promote inflammation, activate the complement cascade, and stimulate chemotaxis of phagocytes. |
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Term
| TLRS stimulate the transcription of: |
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Definition
| inflammatory cytokines (def) such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-12 (IL-12), as well as chemokines (def) such as interleukin-8 (IL-8), MCP-1 |
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Term
| Binding of PAMP to PRR signals for: |
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Definition
inflammatory cytokines (def), such as such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-12 (IL-12)
antiviral cytokines called type-1 interferons (IFN) (def), such as IFN-alpha and IFN-beta
chemotactic factors, such as the chemokines (def) interleukin-8 (IL-8), MCP-1
antimicrobial peptides, such as human defensins |
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Term
| Inflammatory cytokines (examples, there are three) |
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Definition
| L-I, TNF-alpha, and IL-12 |
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Term
| Signaling PRRs found in the membranes of the endosomes |
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Definition
a. TLR-3 - binds double-stranded viral RNA;
b. TLR-7 - binds single-stranded viral RNA, such as in HIV, rich in guanine/uracil nucleotide pairs;
c. TLR-8 - binds single-stranded viral RNA;
d. TLR-9 - binds unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotide sequences (CpG DNA) found in bacterial and viral genomes but uncommom or masked in human DNA and RNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| CD14 is found on monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils and promotes the ability of TLR-4 to respond to LPS |
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Term
| Signaling PRRs found in the cytoplasm |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
INTERFERONS: Type I interferons are cytokines that block viral replication within infected cells. Type II interferons are cytokines that promote inflammation and cell-mediated immunity.
Interferons induce uninfected cells to produce an enzyme capable of degrading viral mRNA, as well as one that blocks translation in eukaryotic cells |
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Term
| MAIN DIFFERENCE between cytokines from cell-surface PRR and endosomal PRR |
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Definition
| PAMPs that bind to cell surface PRRs stimulate the synthesis of cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-8 that promote an inflammatory response in order to send defense cells and defense chemicals in the blood to the infected site. PAMPs that bind to endosomal PRRs stimulate the synthesis of cytokines called interferons that block viral replication within infected host cells. |
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