Term
Type of Respiratory Surfaces: Skin
-Mollusks, annelids, and some amphibians
-Require (smaller/larger) amounts of oxygen
-Skin is kept _________
-Usually have either _________ or _________ as well. |
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Definition
1) Smaller
2) Moist
3) Gills
4) Lungs |
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Term
Types of Respiratory Surfaces: Tracheal Tubes
-Arthropods
-Have an _________ circulatory system so oxygen transport is inefficient
-Air enters tracheal tubes through _________
-Air goes through tracheal tubes to _________ (fluid-filled pouches)
-Gas exchange occurs between the fluid and body cells. |
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Definition
1) Open
2) Spiracles
3) Tracheoles |
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Term
Type of Respiratory System: Gills
-Aquatic animals
-Moist, thin structures supported by _________ _________.
-_________ _________ - blood flows opposite of water movement to maximize oxygen difference between blood and water. |
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Definition
1) Water buoyancy
2) Countercurrent exchange |
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Term
Advantages of Gas Exchange in Air
-(Lower/higher) concentration of molecular oxygen in air.
-(Faster/slower) diffusion rates compared to water.
-Air is (more/less) dense and (less/more) viscous than water.
-Air is (less/more) energy efficient than water. |
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Definition
1) Higher
2) Faster
3) Less
4) Less
5) More |
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Term
| What is the pathway of molecular oxygen through the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| 1) Nostrils -> Nasal cavity -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli |
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Term
| What is the role of the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
| 1) Conditions the air to be received by other areas of the respiratory tract |
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Term
| Which part of the body contains the voice box (Adam's apple)? |
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Definition
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Term
Gas Exchange in the Lungs
-Right lung has _________ lobes
-Left lung has _________ lobes
-Lungs are covered with _________ _________.
-_________ _________ is between visceral and parietal pleura.
-Inside of lung has large _________ _________ for gas exchange.
-Each lung has over 300 million _________.
-Gases diffuse freely through alveoli and into surrounding _________. |
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Definition
1) 3
2) 2
3) Visceral pleura
4) Pleural cavity
5) Surface area
6) Alveoli
7) Capillaries |
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Term
| Breathing = _________ + _________ |
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Definition
1) Inhalation
2) Exhalation |
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Term
| Air can only enter through the _________ except if the _________ _________ is punctured. |
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Definition
1) Trachea
2) Thoracic cavity |
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Term
During inhalation, the diaphragm (relaxes/contracts), and the thoracic cavity (increases/decreases) in volume.
Air pressure (raises/drops) in the lungs, allowing air to flow in. |
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Definition
1) Contracts
2) Increase
3) Drops |
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Term
During exhalation, air pressure (increases/decreases) in the lungs, so air flows (in/out).
The diaphragm (relaxes/contracts), allowing the thoracic cavity to (increase/decrease) in volume. |
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Definition
1) Increases
2) Out
3) Relaxes
4) Decreases |
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Term
Pulmonary Surfactant
-(Increases/decreases) the work of breathing
-_________ secreted by the lining of alveoli
-Reduces _________ forces of water and _________ _________.
-Prevents _________ from collapsing |
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Definition
1) Decreases
2) Phospholipid
3) Cohesive
4) Surface tension
5) Alveoli |
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Term
| During forced inhalation, the (external/internal) intercostal muscles contract, pulling the rib cage upward and outward. This (increases/decreases) the front-to-back dimension of the chest and correspondingly (increases/decreases) the volume of the thoracic cavity. |
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Definition
1) External
2) Increases
3) Increases |
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Term
| During forced exhalation, the (external/internal) intercostal muscles contract, pulling the rib cage downward and inward. The volume of the thoracic cavity (increases/decreases). |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ _________ is the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in a resting breath. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ _________ is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after filling the lungs to maximum capacity. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ _________ is the volume remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxygen passes from the alveoli to the blood by (simple/facilitated) diffusion because it is moving from high to low concentration. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ air has about 21% oxygen; _________ air is only about 14% oxygen. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ states that in a gas mixture, the total pressure is the sum of the pressures of each individual gas (the same pressure it would exert if it was alone). |
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Definition
| 1) Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures |
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Term
Oxygen moves from high to low concentration (_________in the blood, _________ in the tissues).
Carbon dioxide moves from high to low (_________ in the blood, _________ in the tissues). |
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Definition
1) High
2) Low
3) Low
4) High |
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Term
| _________ _________ _________ _________ states that the greater the difference in pressure on the two sides of a membrane and the larger the surface area, the faster the gas diffuses across the membrane. |
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Definition
| 1) Fick's Law of Diffusion |
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Term
| Oxygen moves from _________ to _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The concentration of oxygen is greater in the _________ than in the _________ _________, so oxygen diffuses from the _________ into the blood. |
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Definition
1) Alveoli
2) Pulmonary capillaries
3) Alveoli |
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Term
| Carbon dioxide is more concentrated in the blood than in the _________, so it diffuses out of the _________ and into the _________. |
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Definition
1) Alveoli
2) Capillaries
3) Alveoli |
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Term
| In the _________, oxygen is more concentrated in the blood than in the body cells; it diffuses out of the _________ into the cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbon dioxide is more concentrated in the _________, so it diffuses out of them and into the _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| 99% of 02 is transported bound to _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ _________ _________ is the max amount of O2 that hemoglobin can carry. |
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Definition
| 1) Oxygen carrying capacity |
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Term
| _________ _________ is the actual amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin. |
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Definition
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Term
| Percent of _________ _________ = oxygen content / oxygen carrying capacity. |
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Definition
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Term
| 02 saturation is highest in the _________ _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxygen is dropped off in the _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The protein structure of hemoglobin is 2 _________ and _________ chains; each is attached to a heme group with an _________ at the center. |
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Definition
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Term
| As oxygen concentration (increases/decreases), hemoglobin becomes (more/less) saturated. |
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Definition
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Term
| Each hemoglobin can hold 4 _________; as more bind, the affinity (increases/decreases). |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three factors that affect affinity? |
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Definition
1) pH
2) CO2 concentration
3) Temperature |
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Term
| Oxyhemoglobin unloads oxygen more readily in an _________ environment than in normal pH. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ _________ is displacement of the pH curve by a change in pH. |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in CO2 concentration increases the _________ or lowers the pH of blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| 10% of carbon dioxide is dissolved in _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| 30% of carbon dioxide goes into _________ and combines with hemoglobin. |
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Definition
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Term
| 60% of carbon dioxide is transported as _________ _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Anything that interferes with the removal of carbon dioxide can lead to _________ _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Breathing is regulated by respiratory centers in the _________ _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ regulates breathing rhythm. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ controls the transition from inhale to exhale. |
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Definition
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Term
| The concentration of _________ _________ provides a driving force for breathing. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemoreceptors in the _________ and _________ are sensitive to changes in CO2, O2, and H+ ion concentration, which provides a driving force for breathing. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ lowers carbon dioxide concentration. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ _________ is a respiratory disease which occurs from breathing polluted air or inhaling cigarette smoke. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ _________ is a respiratory disease which occurs when alveoli lose their elasticity and the walls between adjacent alveoli are destroyed. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ _________ _________ _________ is a respiratory disease which results from obstructed airflow. |
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Definition
| 1) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
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Term
Gas exchange in mammals occurs in the:
a. Larynx
b. Bronchioles
c. Bronchi
d. Alveoli |
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Definition
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Term
Displacement of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve by a change in pH known as:
a. Bohr shift
b. Dalton's Law of partial pressure
c. Fick's Law of diffusion
d. Chloride shift |
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Definition
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Term
The flap of tissue that closes the larynx when swallowing food or drinks is the:
a. Bronchi
b. Epiglottis
c. Pharynx
d. Trachea |
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Definition
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Term
Carbon dioxide is transported mainly as:
a. Combined with hemoglobin
b. As carbonic anhydrase
c. Dissolved in plasma
d. As bicarbonate ions |
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Definition
| 1) d. As bicarbonate ions |
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Term
_________ prevents the alveoli from collapsing.
a. Pulmonary surfactant
b. Synovial fluid
c. WBCs in the blood
d. Partial pressure of oxygen |
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Definition
| 1) a. Pulmonary surfactant |
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Term
| During inhalation the diaphragm (contracts or relaxes); volume of thoracic cavity (increases or decreases) and the air pressure in the lungs (increases or decreases). |
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Definition
1) Contracts
2) Increases
3) Increases |
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Term
The volume of air that remains in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration is the:
a. Tidal volume
b. Residual capacity
c. Vital capacity
d. Partial pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the chloride shift? |
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Definition
| 1) The exchange of chloride (Cl-) and bicarbonate (HCO3) between plasma and the RBCs. |
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