Term
| What PAMP is associated with Gram-negative bacteria? Gram-positive? Acid-fast? |
|
Definition
Negative = lipopolysaccharide
Positive = lipotechoic acid
Acid fast = mycolic acid |
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Term
| What are the 3 main types of sentinel cells? |
|
Definition
dendritic cells
macrophages
mast cells |
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Term
| _____ are conserved structural components of bacteria which are recognized by pattern-recognition receptors |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Cells distributed systemically, mostly at likely sites of microbial entry (e.g. skin, mucosal surfaces)
-detect tissue damage
-express PRRs which are activated by PAMPs or DAMPs
-trigger inflammation |
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Term
|
Definition
Toll-like receptors
Pattern recognition receptors expressed intracellularly or on the surface of sentinel cells. They recognize various bacteria/viruses/parasites |
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Term
| What does TLR3 recognize? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does TLR4 recognize? |
|
Definition
| gram negative bacteria (lipopolysaccharide) |
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|
Term
| What does TLR7 recognize? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does TLR8 recognize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does TLR9 recognize? |
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Definition
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Term
| DAMPs are also known as... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the two commonly-studied DAMPs we discussed in class? |
|
Definition
High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1)
Heat shock proteins |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a DAMP which activates inflammatory cells & triggers systemic response to tissue damage |
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|
Term
| What 3 major cytokines are associated with inflammation? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What inflammatory cytokine regulates the transition from early inflammation to later stages of inflammation? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ____ dominate early stages of inflammation while _____ dominate later stages of inflammation |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| chemotactic molecules released at sites of infection or tissue damage, which recruit leukocytes that express receptors for specific chemokines |
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|
Term
| How do COX inhibitors work? |
|
Definition
| Prevent cyclooxygenases (COX) from converting arachidonic acid into vasoactive molecules which promote inflammation |
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Term
|
Definition
Cluster of Differentiateion Molecule
-markers that identify various leukocytes |
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|
Term
| What CD marker is expressed by B cells? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What CD marker is expressed by cytotoxic T cells? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What CD marker is expressed by pan T cells? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What CD marker is expressed by helper T cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main goal of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| rapid recruitment of phagocytic cells to sites of infection, to limit replication & spread of microbes |
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|
Term
| What 5 subsets of myeloid cells are found in the blood? |
|
Definition
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast Cells |
|
|
Term
| What 3 subsets of lymphocytes are found in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Neutrophils are antigen-presenting cells found during early stages of inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Macrophages have both phagocytic and antigen-presenting roles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare macrophages to neutrophils |
|
Definition
NEUTS
-short life
-limited phagocytic capacity (small)
-early inflammation
-no APC function
MACROS
-larger, more phagocytic capacity
-longer lifespan
-APCs
-later in inflammatory process |
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|
Term
| How do neutrophils get from blood, into tissues? |
|
Definition
1. Rolling (L selectin binds to P selectin)
2. Adhesion (LFA-1 binds ICAM-)
3. Emigration (digest basement mmb, enter tissue) |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecule binds to bacteria & phagocytic cells, bringing them together |
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|
Term
| What are the two most common types of opsonins? |
|
Definition
Antibodies
Complement Protein |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| potent opsonin, facilitates phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
True or False
Lysozyme is found in all body fluids except CSF and urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
Produced when a neutrophil undergoes NETosis, strands of tangled DNA coated with antimocribial proteins |
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|
Term
| How can neutrophils destroy microbes? |
|
Definition
-lytic enzymes e.g. lysozyme
-respiratory burst producing microbicidal products |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between a monocyte vs a macrophage? |
|
Definition
monocyte = immature/inactive macrophage, in circulation
macrophage = in tissue |
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Term
| What is the difference between M1 & M2 macrophages? What determinces whther a macrophage will become M1 or M2? |
|
Definition
M1 are pro-inflammtory, antimicrobial, IFN-gamma directs this
M2 are anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, IL-4 directs this |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Macrophages of connective tissue |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do dogs clear bacteria from the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do cats clear bacteria from the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
| pulmonary intravasular macrophages |
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|
Term
| Why are cats prone to respiratory distress in cases of severe acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
| because they clear bacteria from the bloodstream via pulmonary macrophages |
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|
Term
| How are macrophages associated with tissue repair? |
|
Definition
M2 release molecules that break down tissues (e.g. collagenase, elastase, plasminogen activator)
Then they release substances that promote tissue remodelling (e.g.. fibroblast growth factors, VEGF) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| M2 cells promote fibrosis to wall off an inflammatory stimulus in the case of chronic inflammation |
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|
Term
| What are the five hallmarks of inflammation? |
|
Definition
pain
redness
heat
swelling
loss of function |
|
|
Term
| What cytokines induce 'sickness'? What DAMPs induce sickness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the association between iron & the body's response to infection? |
|
Definition
-microbes require iron for growth
-host produces proteins to sequester iron to prevent microbial growth
-microbes produce siderophores to steal iron
-host can produce lipocalin 2 to steal bacterial sidophores
-hepsidin (produced by the host) binds to iron during RBC recycling, also impairs gut absorption of iron
-reduces synthesis of new RBCs
Net effect: anemia resulting from chronic infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-over expression of cytokines (IL1, IL6, TNFa) = toxicity
-fever, acidosis, hypotension etc
-organ system failure
-death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-staphylococcal bacteria produces a toxin that acts as a 'superantigen'
-non specifically crosslinks MHC moecules to T cell antigen receptors
-activates large numbers of T cells
-overproduction of Il-1 & TNF-alpha (inflammatory cytokines)
-results in rash, hypotension, organ failure, death |
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|
Term
| What molecule activates the classical complement activation pathway? |
|
Definition
| antigen-antibody complexes being formed (C3 convertase)? |
|
|
Term
| What are the three possible outcomes after activation of the classical complement cascade? |
|
Definition
-C3a & C5a vascular permeability increases, leukocyte attractants released to recruit phagocytes
-C3b binds to complement receptors on phagocytes, promote cellular uptake
-formation of MAC (C5b) |
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|
Term
| What triggers cytokine release? |
|
Definition
-antigens binding with T cell & B cell receptors
-PAMPs binding to TLRs on sentinel cells
-antibodies binding to Fc receptors on phagocytic cells |
|
|
Term
| Autocrine / Paracrine / Endocrine effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 ways to control the effects of cytokines |
|
Definition
-upregulate/downregulate receptor expression
-use binding proteins specific to the cytokine (prevent them from binding to their normal receptors)
-produce cytokines with counteracting effects |
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|
Term
| How does the body progress from sepsis to septic shock? |
|
Definition
1. SIRS
-vasodilation leads to hypotension
-myocardial activity decreases
-endothelial injury
2. Systemic leukocyte adhesion
3. DIC (disseminated intavascular coagulation (clotting widespread)
4. Hypoperfusion of tissues
5. Organ failure |
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