Term
| Each era of theatre is at its core ________ |
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Definition
| a reaction to the previous era |
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Term
| Characteristics of realism in theatre: |
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Definition
-It is a reaction to Romanticism
-Desire to create life on stage as it was in real life
-Late 19th century
-striving for verisimilitude, or the appearance of truth
-concerned with middle class concerns |
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| theatre company founded by Stanislavski in 1898--the first to regularly put on shows implementing Stanislavski's system, proved hugely influential in the acting world and in the development of modern American theatre. |
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| father of dramatic realism |
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| used in realism theatre-- supposed to resemble a house? |
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| developed a method for acting out realism theatre--Stanislavski's system is a progression of techniques used to train actors and actresses to draw believable emotions to their performances. |
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| best of best playwright in modern theatre--Chekhov renounced the theatre after the disastrous reception of The Seagull in 1896, but the play was revived to acclaim in 1898 by Constantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre |
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| What happens in the theatre world after realism? What is this? |
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Definition
ANTI-REALISM:
-late 19th century into early 20th century
-a reaction to realism--pushing against what they believed was a creatively bankrupt form of theatre
-return to fantasy, poetry, imagery |
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Definition
-a Russian and Soviet theatre director, actor and theatrical producer
-He wants to recreate the essence of life-- life is like a machine
-His work becomes part of a movement called "symbolism" |
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| A play by Alfred Jarry-- in the "symbolism" movement of theatre that Meyerhold was known for-- uses vulgarity on stage |
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Term
| Two playwrights of symbolism theatre, then two more who can be considered part of the anti-realism movement? |
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Definition
| Meyerhold and Alfred Jarry; Strindberg and Ibsen |
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Term
| What innovation made so much more possible in theatre around the start of the 20th century? |
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Term
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Definition
-Early on artist named, later critic named
-Constant exploration of the limits of the arts-- the boundaries
-Eventually this spirit dissipates and gives rise to Post Modernism
Modernism's ISMS:
-Futurism (ankles, murder accusations)
-Dadaism (shaking up the system-- let's get weird)
-Surrealism
-Expressionism
-Theatre of cruelty
-theatre of the absurd (renewed struggle of what is life-- existentialism-- how do we push the limits)
-epic theatre (breaking the space between actor and audience) |
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Term
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Definition
-Era of ISMs and discovery has passed
-Everything is a retelling of what has already come--blending all these older techniques to retell a story
-self-aware form--acknowledges that all the questions have already been asked but that there are so many ways still to ask them
-meta-theatrical
-Amadeus=great example |
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Definition
"truth seeming" – so in theatre-- this is a characteristic of dramatic realism that aims to depict the truth-- the way things are in reality
In drama – could represent only what could be reasonably expected in real life |
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Term
| What are the 4 basic influences on Western art in the early 20th century? |
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Definition
-Avant-garde art movements: "advanced guard"-> refers to experimental, different kinds of art, culture, or politics->e.g. post-impressionism (looks at the world in an abstract realism, different kind of way)
>e.g. Fauve (loud colors, vibrancy)
-Primitivism: done in a way that portrays a culture at its core, at a basic level (like the Vikings or eskimos)
-Non-Western Cultures
-Technology: seen to be the savior of mankind |
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Definition
| post-impressionistic--his paintings have bright colors, are emotional, and curvy |
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Definition
| Color as main feature of his work-- liberating the colors reveals feeling (joy and peace)-- He considers his paintings like wallpaper-- to be looked at, not entered. So its unrealistic and the perspective is often not correct--A canvas was like a window – and now the camera could do better. Matisse wants you to look AT the canvas – like wallpaper. The scene becomes a sophisticated and decorative pattern of colours and shapes. |
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Definition
| depicts primitive figures of Polynesia (primitivism)-- he thought that European art was too constrained, wanted to let it all out-- so he goes to Tahiti to get back to nature and experience life to the fullest |
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Term
| What is 20th century art depicting? |
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Definition
| The 20th century – accelerated by technology and fragmented by war – was exciting and chaotic and the art reflects the turbulence of that century of change. |
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| Improvisation--bold bright colours, flatness, bent lines, and lack of symmetry tell us that Kandinsky’s world was passionate and intense. Inspired by music. Like jazz musician improvising a new pattern of notes from a set scale, Kandinsky plays with new patterns of related colours as he looks for just the right combination. Translate the unseen reality into a new medium, like lightning crackling over the radio. |
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Definition
Me: primitivism, not much detail, flying people and animals, flatness, subdued colors--
Alright: Arrived in Paris with the wide-eyed wonder of a country boy. Lovers are weightless with bliss, animals smile and wink, musicians, poets, peasants, and dreamers ignore gravity, tumbling in slow-motion circles high above the rooftops. Colours are deep, dark, and earthy – a pool of mystery with figures bleeding through below the surface.
Personal style fuses many influences. Raised in a small Belarus village – “naïve” outlook. Simple figures are like Russian Orthodox icons and his Jewish roots. Stylistically he’s thoroughly modern – Cubist shards, bright Fauve colours, and Primitive simplification. |
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Term
| Primitivism's influence on art |
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Definition
-Capture spontaneity and freedom from inhibition associated with primitive life-- all about getting back to the roots
-Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe
-Images of people and cultures projected outside time and history, and used as symbols of violence, sensuality, freedom, regeneration…
-Euro-Americans sought to define own identity and humanity in opposition to an idealized savage, barbaric, person with “superior naturalness.”
Approx. 1890’s (starting with Symbolism) through the 1940’s (American Expressionism) |
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Term
| Non Western Cultures' influence on art |
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Definition
often inspired by African and Oceanic masks and voodoo dolls, tried to inject a bit of the jungle into bored French society. The result? Modern art that looked primitive: long masklike faces with almond eyes; bright, clashing colours, simple figures, and “flat” two-d scenes
-Me: sophistication of Japanese art and also the basicness of eskimo's art |
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Definition
Fantasia: $5000 for permission to use (as this was “Russian,” it was not copyrighted in the US, so Disney would have used it anyway)
“The instrumentation had been improved … the order of the pieces had been shuffled, and the most difficult of them eliminated – though this did not save the musical performance, which was execrable.”
Used by Disney in Dinosaur Battle
Polytonality, polyrhythm, huge orchestra, folk song, percussive strings, high bassoon, harsh percussive chords, dissonance, rhythm driving force, accents in weird places
Hit Europe like an explosion…leader of the avant-garde, strongest influence on contemporary music scene
-Intro has folk tune on high bassoon, violins and clarinets featured
Dance of the Youths and Maidens, harsh percussive chords, English Horn, brass featured, folk tune in bassoon again
Dance technique--sharp, angular, not at all beautiful and fluid like classical ballet-- feet are part of percussion, flat footed and bad posture
-the set is also flat and primitive
-circles->spring->new life
-received poorly-- booed after first performance because people had expected a classical ballet |
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Term
| Characteristics of Stravinsky's music: |
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Definition
-polytonality-- combining keys, playing one key on top of another-- example: Petrushka (C Major and F-Sharp minor)
-He's considered an avant garde artist and is linked to the era's emphasis on primitivism, especially the tribal roots of his Russian homeland (Rite of Spring)
-The driving force of his music is RHYTHM (feet in Rite of Spring) because the percussion in his music links it back to those primitivist roots
-He was super organized with his music-- color coded it
-Tonal, but pushed the limits of tonality
-Shrewd musical intellect, could compose in many styles
-Clear, bright orchestrations
-“ Having become an entity in itself, dissonance neither prepares nor anticipates anything…[chords, or harmonies] lose their functional value.”
-polyrhythm: juxtaposing two rhythms on top of one another |
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Term
| Stravinsky's "The Soldier's Tale" |
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Definition
Story, based on Russian folk tales
Rhythm is dominant element…playful rhythms here. Melody and accompaniment never seem to quite agree where they should be.
Sparse orchestration (7 instrumentalists, 3 actors, female dancer)
Dissonance in harmonies. |
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Term
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Definition
Most influential movement in 20th century
Cubism was the joint invention of two men, Pablo Picasso and George Braque
meaning to analyse and simplify the observed reality into geometric shapes.
two types of cubism: analytical and synthetic
Object viewed from multiple perspectives
Louis Vauxelles-art critic
The complete flattening of space and the use of independent facets or blocks of color
-sometimes recognizable, sometimes not, very disjointed and broken apart |
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Definition
-His early works are very realistic
-Then he moved to Paris, where he acquired a liking for spontaneity and night subjects. His works also show this admiration with smooth, flat colours, and using the arabesque in the line that traces the contours of the figure with clarity and great power of synthesis. A work that fully shows such characteristics is The End of the Number. Here he has captured probably Yvette Gilbert taking a bow at the end of her act.
-Becomes good buds with George Braque
-the Blue period- Between 1901-1904, he painted in a radically different colour ("monochromatic") and subject matter, because of death of friend, painted the outcasts of Paris in weary poses and a coldly expressive blue monochromatic colour
-Picasso was fascinated by taboo characters who star in several of his supremely important works
-His work "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" super famous |
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Term
| "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" |
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Definition
Picasso's work-a turning point in modern art-- He takes Matisse's "joy of life" style and puts an edge on it-subject matter are Spanish prostitues
-does away with all depth-- there's a danger to the subject matter-- they look scary and the shaepes are sharp and threatening-- two of their faces more closely resemble african masks |
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Definition
-did lots of simplifying, down to basic colors, basic shapes
-"Houses at l'Estaque"-- no sense of depth, just trees and box looking houses
-Pioneer (along with Picasso) of cubism |
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Term
| Analytic Cubism v. Synthetic Cubism |
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Definition
-analytic: taking objects apart, analyzing them, then piecing them back together as the artist sees fit
-synthetic: bits an pieces of things put together to "synthesize" or make up a new image-- collage fits into this new style e.g. Picasso's "Glass and Bottle of Suze"-- this piece is a social commentary on the contrast between social frivolity and the brutality of the Balkan Wars |
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Term
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Definition
| 1936 work by Picasso in the style of cubism-- social commentary on the German bombing of a small mountain village in Spain-- all the people in the painting are looking up towards the source of the horror, light bulbs shine on the horror, as if Picasso is "exposing" |
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Term
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Definition
| -takes cubism and brightens and lightens it with color and vibrancy-- major artist is Robert Delaunay--he depicts the modern man's perception of technology as a new religion (In "Homage to Bleriot" he blends colorful circles, like cathedrals, and an airplane) |
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Term
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Definition
-Fernand Leger's "Three Women"
-WWII was such chaos and disorder, the art world decides it wants to depict order as an ideal-- tubism is very orderly--nod to cubism but cylindrical rather than cubist |
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Term
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Definition
-takes the sharp edginess of cubism and applies it to the subject matter of technology
-exalting the beauty of the machine and rejection of the past
-Filippo Marinetti wated to bring Italy up to speed in technology so he writes a manifesto in 1909 calling for end to museums, art, etc.-
-This masculine weirdness is called futurism
-artist: Gino Severini "Armored Train in Action"
-Also Umberto Boccioni->combines technology of train and telegraph (radio waves going through painting)
-Futurism wants to depict movement (think Balla's painting of the weiner dog in motion)--motion is a major characteristic of technology-- new feeling of the speed of a car or train
-So futurism=motion + technology + machines + influence of cubism
- Futurist artist Umberto Boccioni’s major sculptural work, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, is a powerful nude figure in full stride. The exaggerated muscular curves and countercurves were inspired by early Analytic Cubist still life paintings and figure studies he had seen in Paris. But unlike the Cubists who broke the forms, Boccioni dynamically stretches and swells them to express the figure’s power and speed. The figure itself remains concealed behind its “garment” of atmospheric turbulence.--captures motion, sharp and machine-like-- the form is not contained but is outside the body--eradicating the past and moving forcefully towards the future
-Futurism is influenced by photography- capturing motion
-Another Futurist artist: Constantin Brancusi--fascinated with the flight of birds-- takes an aspect of the bird (wing) and concentrates on that-- he's into simplification and getting the essence of his subject (considered a futurist) |
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Term
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Definition
-at its most basic, expressionism shows emotion-- could be through people as subjects, or landscapes (like brooding clouds), or abstract (Pollock and Rothko)
-influenced by its predecessors, Edward Munch and Van Gogh
-By early 20th century, expressionism is a full-fledged movement
-Originated in Germany early 20th century
View the world solely from a subjective perspective
Images distorted for emotional effect
Intended to evoke moods or ideas
Often suggestive of angst
Emphasis on individual perspective
Reaction to dehumanizing effect of industrialization
Rejected the ideology of realism |
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Term
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Definition
-inspired by Manet's work
-abstract titles-connection with music, so like "Composition VII"
-primal connection between color and emotion
-his work causes disruption and discomfort
-conflict of the forms themselves and the colors themselves
-this disruption is linked to atonal music and its dissonance (he was pals with Stromberg)
-destruction necessary to build a new world-- hope for a utopia (this painting is just before WWI)--primitivism |
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Definition
-futurism
-death and destruction implied
-Animal Destinies (1913) shows the tension of impending catastrophe |
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Term
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Definition
-was a soldier in WWI
-comments negatively on the decadence of German officers |
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Definition
American painter
-attracted to the symbolism of war and nationalism
-similar to synthetic cubism "Portrait of a German Officer" |
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Definition
Raw, direct emotion
Music was extremes of range and timbre, jagged melodic lines, ultra-organized
Arnold Schoenberg
Outer Chaos/Inner Order |
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Term
| Modernist Movement in Music |
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Definition
Originated in Germany early 20th century
View the world solely from a subjective perspective
Images distorted for emotional effect
Intended to evoke moods or ideas
Often suggestive of angst
Emphasis on individual perspective
Reaction to dehumanizing effect of industrialization
Rejected the ideology of realism |
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Term
| Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) |
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Definition
Main serialist, had “disciples”…Viennese school
Viennese, fled to the US when Nazis took power in Germany and became American citizen in 1941
Rejection of tonality… “Emancipation of Dissonance”
More fights in the audience (Stravinsky)…court case, “…many in the audience had shown definite signs of neurosis as a result of listening to [Schoenberg’s] music.”
Formed “Society for Private Musical Performances” |
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Term
| Schoenberg…Compositional Style |
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Definition
Late 1800’s started with ultra-chromaticism
Das Buch der Hängenden Gärten, Op. 15 1910, about the same time as he started painting, looking to compose with an ideal of expression that had already been in his mind for years. “Now that I have set out along this path once and for all, I am conscious of having broken through every restriction of a bygone aesthetic.”
Not yet “atonal”
Hears poetry as sounds and tried to express underlying meaning of text with musical sounds (melodic fragment, harmonic progression…)
Piano and voice intertwine (polyphony), voice is sometimes melodic and often recitative-like, large ranges
Mvmts 6 and 8, intense yearning for love--jagged edges of melody, extremes of vocal range, no attempt at apleasing resolution
-attempt to dig into depths of the soul and spew out all the darkness into a piece of art or music |
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Term
| Later he gets into serialism... |
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Definition
-ultra organized music
12 tone row, which makes up all the notes in an octave, develops all melodic material (can not suggest tonality)
Rows developed in retrograde, inversion, and retrograde inversion, as well as transposition (sample matrix next slide)
Ultimate rejection of tonality
-for this just know that there is a 12 tone row that you can flip and invert, etc. |
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Term
| Schoenberg's benchmark piece: Pierrot Lunaire, Op. 21" |
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Definition
-extreme emotion and pain
-speak-singing
-about Pierrot the clown who is trying to brush a moonbeam off his shoulder
-21 short movements, repetitive Symbolist poetry (the rondeau in 3 parts), which deal with extreme psychosis and pain, serves to be building blocks to create continuity
Female reciter+5 instrumentalists
Complex polyphony, atonality
Expressing pain and torment of Pierrot through exaggerated, distorted, tormented music
Extended Techniques – Notation (next slide)
Fusing words and music…Sprechstimme…exaggerated, distorted…singer hits pitch and lets go almost at once, creating an eerie and surreal effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Red won the 2010 Tony for Best Play |
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Term
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Definition
| term in modern theatre--denotes the end of a moment, like a pause but something happens during that pause, like mixing paint or something |
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Term
| What is the most basic meaning of the play? |
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Definition
| The play is about the passing of time, of generations, and of movements of art (cubism->abstract expressionism->pop art) |
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Term
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Definition
-first truly American art style
-the act of painting itself becomes important
-non-representationa figures intended to evoke emotion
-"gesturalism" of Pollock
-this is the human condition in art form
-large paintings because you the artist can experience the work better
-their works typically were given nondescriptive titles
-TEST QUESTION: Basic aspects: 1. non-objective imagery 2. no clear focal point 3. large scale
4. visible signs of how the artist painted the work |
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Term
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Definition
-Identified with the New York School (new
collective voice in American art)
-By 1947: eliminated all elements of mythic
imagery from works – nonobjective
compositions of indeterminate shapes emerged
-oil on canvas
-horizontal then vertical to suit the Four Seasons
-Thin layers of layered paint
-his paintings are like doors, not barriers becasue of the multi shade effect
-recommended viewers stand about 18 inches from the painting
-the paintings have their own life force that depends on the viewer
-he really does cancel the four seasons commission |
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Term
| Theatre: Red-- Production Process: |
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Definition
1. Director Reads the Script
2. Scenic Designer reads it, decides on a purpose and how we're gonna go about it ("set sketches")
3. Scenic Designer does a "ground plan" and a "section"
4. Lighting Designer gets inspirational images
5. Sound designer- the music needs to fit the scene (Rothko likes Schubert and Mozart) |
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Term
| Red-treatment of the actual paintings |
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Definition
-Every theatre has to destroy the Rothko recreations within 2 weeks after closing night
-The paintings cannot be face-on on stage-- they have to be tilted unless you get some kind of special permission |
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Term
| piece of music used during priming of the canvas: |
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Definition
-SCHUBERT-Symphony No. 9 in C Major, “The Great”
-Schubert marks it "andante con moto"--slow but with movement" because it's traditional to have a slow second movement but he wanted it to move-- this gives it a march-like, jaunty feel
-published posthumously
-three major themes: oboe, militaristic strings, lyrical strings |
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Term
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Definition
considered classical because he revered the old masters (Mozart and Beethoven) but the feel of his music is romantic
-called "the little mushroom"
-composed over 900 works
-dying wish- to be buried near Beethoven-granted.
-known for beautiful, really dramatic melodies
-he didn't own a piano
-Elfking is a famous piece by him
-using piano to paint a picture of action or to create a mood-- tender, beautiful melodies or super dramatic melodies (like in Elfking) |
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Term
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Definition
-the piano imitates a horse galloping through a dark forest
-father's voice is low range, son's is high range, narrator's is middle range, speech-like, Elfking's is lyrical, melodic and surprisingly set in a major key
-use of extremes (high-low, major-minor in same piece)
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Term
| Schubert's "Nacht und Traume" (Night and Dreams) |
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Definition
| -slow moving, dream-like piece to creating a floating, dreamlike world |
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Term
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Definition
-American
-Slaves
-Chet Baker (Ken plays his music in Red)-West Coast or Cool Jazz=mellow, blended harmonies, improvisation within a key
-subtle blending of texture and harmony
-characterized by spontaneity and newness (this is why Rothko does not like it one bit-- he's all about some order and rigidity.) |
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Term
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Definition
-1910
-example of architectural modernism
-considered one of the major works of architect Adolf Loos
-liked the idea of a curved roof because it maximizes space inside |
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Term
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Definition
-philosopher-architect considered founder of architectural modernism-- was inspired by American industrialization
-writes a thesis called "Crime and Ornament" that says that utilitarian objects should not have ornamentation-- one of the pioneers of the architectural phase of "Functionalism"-- a facet of modernism in architecture |
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Term
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Definition
-architect of the AEG building
-a pioneer in architectural and commercial design in the early 20th century. He was a major influence on the primary figures of the Bauhaus and helped to create the concept of corporate identity.
influential for others like Walter Gropius
-designed for the improvement of working conditions within his buildings ( much more glass) and Gropius utilizes this idea in his design of the Fagus Shoe Factory |
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Term
| Functionalism in Architecture |
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Definition
| -the use of a building is more important than fluff like Rococo |
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Term
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Definition
-architect is Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer
-The Fagus Shoe Factory complex foreshadowed the modernist with its innovative use of walls of vast glass panels. It also demonstrates a move toward a functionalist industrial aesthetic. |
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Term
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Definition
Developed from:
Art Nouveau
Early European Modern architecture
Prairie Style
Skyscrapers
Major individuals:
Walter Gropius
Mies van der Rohe
Le Corbusier
Shared Premises:
Break from the past
Embrace the present and future
Machine source of aesthetic inspiration
Functionalism
Developed design vocabulary appropriate to modern world of advanced technology |
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Term
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Definition
-architect of the German Pavilion
-super flat, mostly glass house
-Excellent example of his famous saying “Less is More.” It consists of a minimal framework of structural order balanced against implied freedom of free-flowing open space. |
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Term
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Definition
-architect of Villa Savoye
-His five points of design:
1. pilotis: pillars, posts to support the building instead of low bearing walls
2. free facade
3. open floor plan
4. ribbon windows
5. Roof garden--giving back the grass that would have been lost because of the building |
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Term
| All this leads into an "International Style of Architecture" |
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Definition
Emerged from 1920s and 1930s design
First in Western Europe:
Bauhaus and Le Corbusier
Rejection of ornament, adoption of glass, steel, and concrete, acceptance of mass production
North America:
Philip Johnson
Simplification, honesty, clarity |
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Term
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Definition
| American architect- Glass House was his actual home |
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Term
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Definition
-architects: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson
-blend of Greek values of discipline/symmetry and industrial modernism-- made of glass and bronze with decorative beams along the side |
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Term
| two camps in visual arts world |
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Definition
1. aesthetics
2. anti-aesthetics (questions previous assumptions about what is beautiful |
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Term
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Definition
-major reaction against abstract expressionism
-advertising:mass produced imagery
-merging popular and mass culture with fine art
subject treated in an impersonal manner-relating to the idealization of mass production
-These artists were tired of how vague abstract expressionism was and wanted something more concrete
-Characteristics:
Popular (designed for a mass audience)
Transient (short-term solution)
Expendable (easily forgotten)
Low-cost
Mass-produced
Young (aimed at youth)
Witty
Sexy
Gimmicky
Glamorous
Big Business…… |
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Term
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Definition
-pop art artist-- "Whaam" and "Oh Jeff, I love you too...but..."
-comic strips: depicts violent action or sentimental romance
-Technique of Ben-Day Dots (colors put in fine dots-- they are painted but appear to be printed)
-very impersonal and neutral compared to Rothko-- his art was supposed to be representing the urban landscape rather than reaching into your individual soul |
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Term
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Definition
-Television commercial and movie-magazine sex
-Assemblage elements
-Aggressive reality of actual objects or photographic images
-extremely large paintings--laughing in the face of religious or other fine art that makes important peopl or events massive-- makes normal moments massive instead
-Bathtub collage-- mixed media-- paint, collage, and real bathroom objects
-bedroom series-- putting the toe under the microscope-- focuses on different parts of the body |
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Term
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Definition
-interested in Eastern culture and philosophy
-influenced by Gamelan orchestra- each instrument has a particular "spirit"-- series of gongs-- to emulate this sound he puts things on the piano strings-- calls it "prepared piano music" by John Cage
-Prepared Piano: Emulating sound of Gamelan Orchestra
Tried pie plate, nails…settled on bolts and screws, plus felt weatherstripping, pieces of rubber, and even pieces of paper
-He also wrote "minimalist music"-- ambient or zen like simple piano melodies
-Also, "Chance music":
When composing, uses the I Ching to create charts of music... every aspect of the music is charted by chance-- tossing coins
When performing: strict parameters set (sometimes also through chance methods-like the radio thing) but the chance part is what happens during performance or what the performer prepares (like kid's itunes playlist)
-He believed that "Music is the production of Sound"
-His piece called "4'33" is just silence for the first 33 seconds. |
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