Term
What is this cell and defense against what?
[image] |
|
Definition
Right: Neutrophil which is the best cell for phagocytosing bacteria. Notice the segmented nucleus and small, somewhat faint cytoplasmic granules. Although the granules are light redish, they are too small to those of an eosinophil.
This is the first cell to arrive at a site of inflammation
Specific granules: Neutrophilic granules (not lysosomes). Contain alkaline phosphatase, collagenase, lactoferrin and lysozyme.
These are first to discharge their contents into a phagosome.
Azurophil granules - contain acid phosphatase and thus are lysosomes. Also contain other lytic enzymes: elastase, collagenase, myeloperoxidase and lysozyme. Azurophil granules discharge their contents into a phagosome after the specific granules.
Neutrophils are terminal cells. They are in the blood for 6-7 hours and then in tissues for 1-4 days. In infections (acute infections), dead neutrophils and bacteria form pus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Megakaryocyte
Right: Megakaryocyte is much larger than any other hematopoietic cell, usually has multiple nucleoli and makes platelets from piecs of its peripheral cytoplasmic border. Formed from megakaryoblast undergoing incomplete mitosis (endomitotis) -> large, single, lobed nucleus. |
|
|
Term
What is this cell and defense against what?
[image] |
|
Definition
Right: Eosinophils are the best defense againts the dark arts of parasites because their BIG, red-orange granules contain major basic protein. Increased in parastic infections and allergies.
Specific granules are lysosomes. They contain acid phosphatase and other lytic enzymes. Histaminase inactivates histamine.
Non-specific (azurophil) granules are typical lysosomes. |
|
|
Term
| How are basophils and mast cells similar and different? |
|
Definition
Similarities: Specific granules of basophils contain the same substances as mast cell granules: heparin, heparan sulfate, histamine and leukotrienes. The blue stain results from the heparin and heparan sulfate (sulfated glycoaminoglycans). Basophils reinforce the action of mast cells
Differences: Separate cell types: Both are from CD34+ stem cells, but the progenitor cells are different Basophils emerge from marrow fully mature--mast cell precursor circulates in blood, goes into tissues and then becomes a mast cell.
Mast cells are larger, oval instead of round and have a central, round nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Right: Polychromatophilic erythroblasts with a still uncondensed nuclear chromatin pattern and blue-pink cytoplasm. Still an erythroblast because it has a nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Right: Proerythroblast with a delicate, fine nuclear chromatin pattern and dark blue cytoplasm because it contains mostly RNA at this stage rather than hemoglobin. Still an erythroblast because it has a nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Right: Basophilic erythroblast with a still uncondensed nuclear chromatin pattern and dark blue cytoplasm because still more RNA than hemoglobin. Still an erythroblast because it has a nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Right: Orthomatophilic erythroblast with a condensed, pyknotic nuclear chromatin pattern and almost totally red cytoplasm because very little RNA is left in cell. Still an erythroblast because it has a nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Right: Reticulocye has lost its nucleus and is no longer an erythroblast [hence, no DNA] but still has lightly bluish cytoplasm because a little RNA (ribosomes) still remains.
Spend 2 days in marrow and exist in blood for 24 hours.
Stain: Brilliant cresyl blue: ribosomes form a web (reticulum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Right: Monocyte is the precursor or Mother of all tissue macrophages and is a large cell with a bent to folded nucleus which has a ropy chromatin pattern and has 'dirty dish water' grey cytoplasm with a few vacuoles and a few non-specific or azurophilic granules.
azurophil (non-specific) granules: lysosomes.
The nucleus: pushed to one side in the cell. Monocyte nuclei have their chromatin dispersed in a fibrillar ("stringy") pattern.
C. Circulating monocytes are present in the blood for about 8 hours. Then they migrate into the tissues. D. Function: The mononuclear phagocytic system is derived from monocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Right: Myeloblast has a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, a round nucleus with delicate chromatin and usually multiple nucleoli and no granules in what little cytoplasm is present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Right: Band form of neutrophil has a bent, freedom/Frech fry like nucleus without nucleoli and otherwise mature faintly staining, small granules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Right: Eosinophilic myelocyte has round to oval [undented] nucleus that may or may not have detectable nucleoli and has cytoplasmic large, brick-red granules
Myelocyte is the last stage capable of mitosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Right: Progranulocyte [too early to tell if neutrophilic, eosinophilic or basophilic] has an immature nucleus withe nucleoli and non-specifice [azurophilic] granules in its cytoplasm [lysosomes]. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Right: Neutrophilic myelocyte has an oval to round immature nucleus with possible nucleolus and specific, only faintly staining granules in its cytoplasm. Note that darker nonspecific, azurophilic granules can still be easily seen.
Myelocyte is the last stage capable of mitosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Right: Early metamyelocyte with more deeply indented nucleus and specific neutrophilic granules in its cytoplasm. Ignore the faint spots that suggest nucleoli. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Right: Basophil has round [but can be bilobed] nucleus partially obscured by BIG dark blue granules.
Specific granules of basophils contain the same substances as mast cell granules: heparin, heparan sulfate, histamine and leukotrienes. The blue stain results from the heparin and heparan sulfate (sulfated glycoaminoglycans). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Right: Progranulocyte [too early to tell if neutrophilic, eosinophilic or basophilic] has an immature nucleus withe nucleoli and non-specifice [azurophilic] granules in its cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Right: Plasma cell has eccentric nucleus [almost pushed out of cell] and usually an area of perinuclear clearing or a 'hof'. Plasma cells are B cells that are the most efficient producers of antibodies for humoral immunity.
When stimulated, B-lymphocytes become plasma cells. Plasma cells are normally present in the tissues, particularly beneath wet epithelia. The nuclear chromatin is condensed in a "clock-face" pattern, and the cytoplasm is basophilic due to the extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum (by ultrastructural studies). - B-lymphocytes and plasma cells make specific antibodies (the immunoglobulins - IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM and IgD).
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Right: Lymphocyte (either Thymus or Bone marrow) usually is usually about the size of red cells or somewhat larger, has a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio with a round to oval to slightly indented nucleus surrounded by clear to light blue cytoplasm. B and T lymphocytes look the same and cannot be distinguished without special stains/studies.
Only WBC with receptors to specific antigens.
1. Thymic (T-lymphocytes): 80-90% of the blood lymphocytes = cellular immunity against virus-infected and/or tumor cells with receptors for specific antigens - Cytotoxic CD8+ cells = most important cell against virus/tumor cells/transplants
- Helper CD4+ cells = induce & amplify of immune response against foreign antigens
- Suppressor CD8+ cells = depress T or B cell response to keep in control
2. Bursal (B-lymphocytes): 15-20% of blood lymphocytes = humoral immunity with receptors (antibodies) for specific antigens of organisms or cells - When stimulated, B-lymphocytes-> plasma cells. Plasma cells are normally present in the tissues, particularly beneath wet epithelia. The nuclear chromatin is condensed in a "clock-face" pattern, and the cytoplasm is basophilic due to the extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum (by ultrastructural studies). - B-lymphocytes and plasma cells make specific antibodies (the immunoglobulins - IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM and IgD). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Right: Natural killer cell or large granular lymphocyte has a round to irregular nucleus with moderately condensed chromatin surrounded by moderate to abundant cytoplasm which contains a few non-specific or azurophilic granules. This lymphocyte has some characteristics of a T cell but does not develop the receptors for an antigen like T and B cells do. It still kills viral infected cells and tumor cell by recognizing them as being abnormal and attacking them with direct cell to cell contact. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- A = Orthochromic erythroblast with very condensed nucleus and very red cytoplasm which is still a little bluer than the mature red cells because of residual RNA. When it loses its nucleus, it is ready to be a reticulocyte.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- B = Extruded, naked nucleus from an orthochromic erythroblast which is now a reticulocyte but not seen in the field.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- C = Basophil which has chunker blue-purple granuels than a mast cells and cytoplasm that is not as dense as a mast cell; does circulate and also contributes to allergic reactions. Notice that the mast cell is larger, more oval and smoother in shape with blue-purple granules that completely fill its cytoplasm and almost hide the nucleus.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- D = Basophilic erythroblast with blue cytoplasm but no nucleoli. The nucleus is also showing some early clumping.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- E = Earlier stage of orthochromic erythroblast with slightly younger nucleus
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- F = Polychromatophilic erythroblast with blue and pink areas of cytoplasm, the latter representing streaks of early hemoglobin appearing.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
H = The all mighted mast cells, which does not circulate in the blood but is largely responsible for allergic reactions such as hives and even anaphylactic shock.
Notice that the mast cell is larger, more oval and smoother in shape [than the basophil] with blue-purple granules that completely fill its cytoplasm and almost hide the nucleus.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
B. Platelet (Thrombocyte)
1. In circulating blood the disk shape is due to a peripheral bundle of microtubules. Normal level 300,000/microliter; size 2-4 micrometers.
2. The hyalomere is peripherally located, and the granulomere centrally.
3. The granulomere contains 3 kinds of granules. a. Alpha granules containing platelet-derived growth factor and fibrinogen.
b. Delta granules (dense bodies) containing calcium, ATP, ADP and serotonin (stored from plasma).
c. Lambda granules are ordinary lysosomes.
4. Platelets are concerned with blood coagulation, clot formation, retraction and removal, and inflammation.
5. Platelet life span about 10 days. |
|
|
